College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, 2014 Skaka, Saudi Arabia.
Nanobiology Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jerash University, 26150 Jerash, Jordan.
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2023 Jul 13;28(7):137. doi: 10.31083/j.fbl2807137.
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) toxicity can adversely affect vital organs, cause pathologic ocular damage, and can have direct cardiovascular effects. This study aims to identify the biochemical, hematological, and histological alterations of the vital organs associated with the effects of HCQ.
Male albino rats were exposed to the equivalent of HCQ therapeutic doses given to human patients being affected by malaria, lupus erythematosus, and COVID-19. The animal blood samples were subjected to hematological analysis, biochemical analysis, liver function tests, kidney function tests, and cardiac biomarkers. Liver, kidney, heart, spleen, and testis biopsies were subjected to histological examination.
HCQ significantly lowered the values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, leucocytes, and lymphocytes but significantly increased the values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, and chlorine ions. The renal tissues of HCQ-treated animals demonstrated glomerular fragmentation, partial atrophy degeneration, renal tubules hydropic degeneration, hyaline cast formation, and interstitial edema formation. Additionally, the heart exhibited myofiber necrosis, myolysis, wavy appearance, disorganization, and disarray. The testicular tissues also demonstrated spermatocyte degeneration, spermatogenic cell sloughing, testicular interstitial edema, and occasional spermatogenic arrest. Additionally, the spleen showed a decrease in the number and size of the white pulp follicles, a decrease in the number of apoptotic activity, and a decline in the number of T-rich cells. However, the red pulp demonstrated a diffuse decline in B rich-lymphocytes and macrophages. The liver was also the least affected but showed Kupffer cell hyperplasia and occasional hepatocyte dysplasia.
The results indicate that chronic exposure to HCQ could alter the structures and functions of the vital organs.
羟氯喹 (HCQ) 毒性会对重要器官造成不良影响，导致眼部病理性损伤，并可能对心血管系统产生直接影响。本研究旨在确定与 HCQ 作用相关的重要器官的生化、血液学和组织学改变。
雄性白化大鼠接触相当于人类疟疾、红斑狼疮和 COVID-19 患者的 HCQ 治疗剂量。对动物血液样本进行血液分析、生化分析、肝功能测试、肾功能测试和心脏生物标志物检测。对肝脏、肾脏、心脏、脾脏和睾丸活检进行组织学检查。
HCQ 显著降低了红细胞、血红蛋白、血细胞比容、血小板、白细胞和淋巴细胞的值，但显著增加了天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)、淀粉酶、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶、胆固醇和氯离子的值。HCQ 处理动物的肾脏组织显示肾小球碎裂、部分萎缩变性、肾小管水样变性、透明质 casts 形成和间质水肿形成。此外，心脏表现出肌纤维坏死、肌溶解、波浪状外观、组织紊乱和排列混乱。睾丸组织也显示精母细胞变性、精原细胞脱落、睾丸间质水肿和偶尔的精子发生停滞。此外，脾脏显示白髓滤泡数量和大小减少、凋亡活性减少和 T 细胞丰富区细胞减少。然而，红髓显示 B 细胞丰富的淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞弥漫性减少。肝脏受影响最小，但显示枯否细胞增生和偶尔肝细胞增生不良。
结果表明，慢性暴露于 HCQ 可能会改变重要器官的结构和功能。
