Am Nat. 2023 Aug;202(2):107-121. doi: 10.1086/724839. Epub 2023 Jun 26.
AbstractBrood parasitism involves the exploitation of host parental care rather than the extraction of resources directly from hosts. We identify defining characteristics of this strategy and consider its position along continua with adjacent behaviors but focus on canonical brood parasites, where parasitism is obligate and hosts are noneusocial (thereby distinguishing from social parasitism). A systematic literature survey revealed 59 independently derived brood parasitic lineages with most origins (49) in insects, particularly among bees and wasps, and other origins in birds (seven) and fish (three). Insects account for more than 98% of brood parasitic species, with much of that diversity reflecting ancient (≥100-million-year-old) brood parasitic lineages. Brood parasites usually, but not always, evolve from forms that show parental care. In insects, brood parasitism often first evolves through exploitation of a closely related species, following Emery's rule, but this is less typical in birds, which we discuss. We conducted lineage-level comparisons between brood parasitic clades and their sister groups, finding mixed results but an overall neutral to negative effect of brood parasitism on species richness and diversification. Our review of brood parasites reveals many unanswered questions requiring new research, including further modeling of the coevolutionary dynamics of brood parasites and their hosts.
摘要 巢寄生涉及对宿主亲代抚育的利用，而不是直接从宿主身上获取资源。我们确定了这种策略的定义特征，并考虑了它在与相邻行为的连续体上的位置，但重点是典型的巢寄生生物，其中寄生是强制性的，而宿主是非社会性的（因此与社会寄生区分开来）。系统文献调查显示，有 59 个独立衍生的巢寄生谱系，其中大部分（49 个）起源于昆虫，尤其是在蜜蜂和黄蜂中，其他起源于鸟类（7 个）和鱼类（3 个）。昆虫占巢寄生物种的 98%以上，其中大部分多样性反映了古老的（≥10000 万年）巢寄生谱系。巢寄生生物通常，但不总是，从表现出亲代抚育的形式进化而来。在昆虫中，巢寄生通常首先通过利用密切相关的物种进化而来，这符合埃默里法则，但在鸟类中这种情况就不那么典型了，我们对此进行了讨论。我们在巢寄生支系与其姐妹群之间进行了谱系水平的比较，发现结果喜忧参半，但巢寄生对物种丰富度和多样化的总体影响是中性到负面的。我们对巢寄生生物的综述揭示了许多需要新研究的未解决问题，包括进一步对巢寄生生物及其宿主的协同进化动态进行建模。
