Sless Trevor J L, Branstetter Michael G, Gillung Jessica P, Krichilsky Erin A, Tobin Kerrigan B, Straka Jakub, Rozen Jerome G, Freitas Felipe V, Martins Aline C, Bossert Silas, Searle Jeremy B, Danforth Bryan N
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2022 Jan;166:107326. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107326. Epub 2021 Oct 16.
Brood parasites (also known as cleptoparasites) represent a substantial fraction of global bee diversity. Rather than constructing their own nests, these species instead invade those of host bees to lay their eggs. Larvae then hatch and consume the food provisions intended for the host's offspring. While this life history strategy has evolved numerous times across the phylogeny of bees, the oldest and most speciose parasitic clade is the subfamily Nomadinae (Apidae). However, the phylogenetic relationships among brood parasitic apids both within and outside the Nomadinae have not been fully resolved. Here, we present new findings on the phylogeny of this diverse group of brood parasites based on ultraconserved element (UCE) sequence data and extensive taxon sampling with 114 nomadine species representing all tribes. We suggest a broader definition of the subfamily Nomadinae to describe a clade that includes almost all parasitic members of the family Apidae. The tribe Melectini forms the sister group to all other Nomadinae, while the remainder of the subfamily is composed of two sister clades: a "nomadine line" representing the former Nomadinae sensu stricto, and an "ericrocidine line" that unites several mostly Neotropical lineages. We find the tribe Osirini Handlirsch to be polyphyletic, and divide it into three lineages, including the newly described Parepeolini trib. nov. In addition to our taxonomic findings, we use our phylogeny to explore the evolution of different modes of parasitism, detecting two independent transitions from closed-cell to open-cell parasitism. Finally, we examine how nomadine host-parasite associations have evolved over time. In support of Emery's rule, which suggests close relationships between hosts and parasites, we confirm that the earliest nomadines were parasites of their close free-living relatives within the family Apidae, but that over time their host range broadened to include more distantly related hosts spanning the diversity of bees. This expanded breadth of host taxa may also be associated with the transition to open-cell parasitism.
巢寄生蜂（也称为盗窃寄生蜂）占全球蜜蜂多样性的很大一部分。这些物种并不建造自己的巢穴，而是侵入宿主蜜蜂的巢穴产卵。幼虫随后孵化并消耗原本为宿主后代准备的食物。虽然这种生活史策略在蜜蜂的系统发育中已经多次进化，但最古老且种类最多的寄生类群是准蜂亚科（蜜蜂科）。然而，准蜂亚科内外的巢寄生蜜蜂之间的系统发育关系尚未完全解决。在这里，我们基于超保守元件（UCE）序列数据以及对代表所有部落的114种准蜂亚科物种进行的广泛分类群采样，展示了关于这一多样的巢寄生蜂类群系统发育的新发现。我们建议对准蜂亚科进行更广泛的定义，以描述一个包括蜜蜂科几乎所有寄生成员的类群。美勒蜂族是所有其他准蜂亚科的姐妹群，而该亚科的其余部分由两个姐妹类群组成：一个代表以前狭义的准蜂亚科的“准蜂亚科谱系”，以及一个将几个主要是新热带谱系联合起来的“埃里克罗西丁亚科谱系”。我们发现奥斯里尼蜂族（汉德利希）是多系的，并将其分为三个谱系，包括新描述的拟准蜂族（新族）。除了我们的分类学发现外，我们还利用我们的系统发育来探索不同寄生方式的进化，检测到从闭室寄生到开室寄生的两次独立转变。最后，我们研究了准蜂亚科宿主 - 寄生虫关联如何随时间演变。为了支持埃默里法则（该法则表明宿主和寄生虫之间存在密切关系），我们证实最早的准蜂亚科是其在蜜蜂科内关系密切的自由生活亲属的寄生虫，但随着时间的推移，它们的宿主范围扩大到包括关系更远的宿主，涵盖了蜜蜂的多样性。宿主分类群的这种扩大的广度也可能与向开室寄生的转变有关。
