Best practices in assessing cardiac protein -GlcNAcylation by immunoblot.

The modification of serine and threonine amino acids of proteins by -linked -acetylglucosamine (-GlcNAc) regulates the activity, stability, function, and subcellular localization of proteins. Dysregulation of -GlcNAc homeostasis is well established as a hallmark of various cardiac diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, complications associated with diabetes, and responses to acute injuries such as oxidative stress and ischemia-reperfusion. Given the limited availability of site-specific -GlcNAc antibodies, studies of changes in -GlcNAcylation in the heart frequently use pan--GlcNAc antibodies for semiquantitative evaluation of overall -GlcNAc levels. However, there is a high degree of variability in many published cardiac -GlcNAc blots. For example, many blots often have regions that lack -GlcNAc positive staining of proteins either below 50 or above 100 kDa. In some -GlcNAc blots, only a few protein bands are detected, while in others, intense bands around 75 kDa dominate the gel due to nonspecific IgM band staining, making it difficult to visualize less intense bands. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop a modifiable protocol that optimizes -GlcNAc positive banding of proteins in cardiac tissue extracts. We showed that -GlcNAc blots using CTD110.6 antibody of proteins ranging from <30 to ∼450 kDa could be obtained while also limiting nonspecific staining. We also show that some myofilament proteins are recognized by the CTD110.6 antibody. Therefore, by protocol optimization using the widely available CTD110.6 antibody, we found that it is possible to obtain pan--GlcNAc blots of cardiac tissue, which minimizes common limitations associated with this technique. The post-translational modification of proteins by -linked -acetylglucosamine (-GlcNAc) is recognized as mediating cardiac pathophysiology. However, there is considerable variability in the quality of -GlcNAc immunoblots used to evaluate changes in cardiac -GlcNAc levels. Here we show that with relatively minor changes to a commonly used protocol it is possible to minimize the intensity of nonspecific bands while also reproducibly generating -GlcNAc immunoblots covering a range of molecular weights from <30 to ∼450 kDa.