Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, Attica, 11855, Athens, Greece.
Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9/B, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Sep;30(41):94904-94927. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-28577-8. Epub 2023 Aug 5.
Developing sustainable control tools for managing noxious pests attacking stored foodstuffs is a timely research challenge. Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen is a crop widely cultivated for its multiple usages on an industrial level. In this study, the extracts prepared with A. oleracea aerial parts were applied on wheat kernels for the management of eight important arthropod pests attacking stored products, i.e., Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Tenebrio molitor, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Trogoderma granarium, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Alphitobius diaperinus (adults/larvae), and Acarus siro (adults/nymphs). Extraction of A. oleracea was optimized on the base of the yield and content of spilanthol and other N-alkylamides which were analysed by HPLC-DAD-MS. Two concentrations of n-hexane or methanol extracts (500 ppm and 1000 ppm), obtained through Soxhlet extraction, were tested to acquire mortality data on the above-mentioned pests after 4, 8, and 16 h and 1 to 7 days of exposure. Both extracts achieved complete mortality (100.0%) of C. ferrugineus adults. In the case of A. diaperinus adults, mortalities were very low at any concentrations of both extracts. In general, the n-hexane extract was more efficient than methanol extract against almost all species and stages. Considering both extracts, the susceptibility order, from most to least susceptible species/stage, was C. ferrugineus adults > A. diaperinus larvae > C. ferrugineus larvae > T. granarium adults > T. molitor larvae > O. surinamensis adults > O. surinamensis larvae > T. confusum larvae > T. castaneum larvae > A. siro adults > T. molitor adults > A. siro nymphs > T. granarium larvae > T. castaneum adults > T. confusum adults > A. diaperinus adults. Our research provides useful knowledge on the efficacy of N-alkylamides-rich A. oleracea extracts as grain protectants, pointing out the importance of targeting the most susceptible species/ developmental stages.
开发可持续的控制手段来管理危害储存食品的有害生物是一个及时的研究挑战。Acmella oleracea（L.）R. K. Jansen 是一种广泛种植的作物，因其在工业水平上的多种用途而备受关注。在这项研究中，用 A. oleracea 地上部分制备的提取物应用于麦粒上，以管理 8 种重要的攻击储存产品的节肢动物害虫，即 Cryptolestes ferrugineus、Tenebrio molitor、Oryzaephilus surinamensis、Trogoderma granarium、Tribolium castaneum、Tribolium confusum、Alphitobius diaperinus（成虫/幼虫）和 Acarus siro（成虫/若虫）。基于高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测-质谱法分析的 spilanthol 和其他 N-烷基酰胺的产量和含量，对 A. oleracea 的提取进行了优化。通过索氏提取获得了两种浓度的正己烷或甲醇提取物（500 ppm 和 1000 ppm），并在暴露 4、8、16 小时和 1 至 7 天后测试了它们对上述害虫的死亡率数据。两种提取物均能使 C. ferrugineus 成虫完全死亡（100.0%）。对于 A. diaperinus 成虫，两种提取物在任何浓度下的死亡率都非常低。一般来说，正己烷提取物比甲醇提取物对几乎所有物种和阶段都更有效。考虑到两种提取物，从最易感物种/阶段到最不易感物种/阶段的敏感性顺序依次为：C. ferrugineus 成虫 > A. diaperinus 幼虫 > C. ferrugineus 幼虫 > T. granarium 成虫 > T. molitor 幼虫 > O. surinamensis 成虫 > O. surinamensis 幼虫 > T. confusum 幼虫 > T. castaneum 幼虫 > A. siro 成虫 > T. molitor 成虫 > A. siro 若虫 > T. granarium 幼虫 > T. castaneum 成虫 > T. confusum 成虫 > A. diaperinus 成虫。我们的研究为富含 N-烷基酰胺的 A. oleracea 提取物作为谷物保护剂的功效提供了有用的知识，指出了针对最易感物种/发育阶段的重要性。
