Synaptopodin-2: a potential tumor suppressor.

Initially identified as an actin-binding protein containing a PSD95-DLG-ZO1 Domain (PZD domain), Synaptopodin 2 (SYNPO2) has long been considered a structural protein ubiquitously expressed in muscular tissues. However, emerging evidence suggests that SYNPO2 performs diverse functions in cancers in addition to its role in microfilament assembly. In most cancers, high SYNPO2 expression is positively correlated with a good prognosis, suggesting its role as a novel tumor suppressor. Abnormal SYNPO2 expression affects autophagy generation, particularly mitophagy induced by low oxidation or viral infection, as well as chaperone-mediated autophagy triggered by microfilament damage. Mechanically, SYNPO2 regulates tumor growth, metastasis, and invasion via activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal and Hippo signaling pathways. Moreover, the subcellular localization, promoter methylation and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of SYNPO2 have been associated with cancer progression and clinical outcomes, highlighting its potential as a prognostic or diagnostic target for this patient population. This review focuses on the role of SYNPO2 in cancer, including its generation, epigenetic modification, subcellular localization, and biological function.