Glen Oaks Dental, Circle Pines, MN, USA
Department of Primary Dental Care, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
J Dent Hyg. 2023 Aug;97(4):21-35.
The health implications related to electronic cigarettes are not fully understood and has created a public health concern. The purpose of this narrative review was to highlight the oral and systemic health concerns associated with electronic cigarettes and compare these concerns to those associated with conventional tobacco cigarettes. The literature was obtained from PubMed, Ovid Medline, CINAHL, and Scopus databases in June 2021 and updated in February 2023. Sources were chosen based on the following inclusion criteria: date of publication between 2011 and 2023 and written in English. Articles were excluded based on irrelevance to the topic, weak study designs, lack of outcome data, low quality randomized control trials, unavailability of the full text article, and non-empirical research designs. The Cochrane tool, ROBINS-I, was used to assess the risk of bias. A total of 78 studies were included in the review. E-cigarette use was associated with significant adverse effects for cardiovascular, respiratory, immunological, and periodontal health as compared to nonusers; however, impacts were worse with conventional smoked cigarettes. Long term health effects remain unknown with e-cigarettes, but associations have been identified with periodontal and peri-implant disease, oral cancer, and mental health disorders. The heterogeneity of e-cigarette use related to vaping behavior, devices, and liquids limits the ability to generalize results. There is a need for the development of a research standard for exposure methods to establish a consensus with e-cigarette use and support the validity of results among researchers. According to current research, e-cigarettes may induce less harm than traditional tobacco products, but e-cigarettes do not remove the carcinogenic and toxic risk that has been associated with conventional cigarettes. Further research is needed to make broad conclusions on the safety of e-cigarettes compared to conventional cigarettes and to nonusers.
电子烟相关的健康影响尚未完全明晰，引发了公共健康关注。本叙述性综述旨在强调与电子烟相关的口腔和全身健康问题，并将这些问题与传统烟草卷烟相关问题进行比较。文献资料来源于 2021 年 6 月的 PubMed、Ovid Medline、CINAHL 和 Scopus 数据库，并于 2023 年 2 月进行了更新。根据以下纳入标准选择了来源：发表日期在 2011 年至 2023 年之间，且以英文撰写。根据与主题不相关、研究设计薄弱、缺乏结果数据、低质量的随机对照试验、无法获取全文文章、非实证研究设计等原因排除了一些文章。使用 Cochrane 工具 ROBINS-I 评估偏倚风险。本综述共纳入了 78 项研究。与非使用者相比，电子烟的使用与心血管、呼吸、免疫和牙周健康的显著不良影响相关；然而，与传统卷烟相比，影响更为严重。电子烟的长期健康影响尚不清楚，但已确定与牙周病和种植体周围疾病、口腔癌和精神健康障碍有关。电子烟使用的异质性与蒸气行为、设备和液体有关，限制了对结果进行概括的能力。需要制定一种暴露方法的研究标准，以就电子烟使用达成共识，并支持研究人员之间的结果有效性。根据目前的研究，电子烟的危害可能比传统烟草产品小，但电子烟并不能消除与传统卷烟相关的致癌和毒性风险。需要进一步研究，以对电子烟与传统卷烟和非使用者相比的安全性做出广泛结论。
