Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
Curr Neuropharmacol. 2024;22(3):395-419. doi: 10.2174/1570159X21666230808120504.
Adversity experienced in early life can have detrimental effects on physical and mental health. One pathway in which these effects occur is through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a key physiological stress-mediating system. In this review, we discuss the theoretical perspectives that guide stress reactivity and regulation research, the anatomy and physiology of the axis, developmental changes in the axis and its regulation, brain systems regulating stress, the role of genetic and epigenetics variation in axis development, sensitive periods in stress system calibration, the social regulation of stress (i.e., social buffering), and emerging research areas in the study of stress physiology and development. Understanding the development of stress reactivity and regulation is crucial for uncovering how early adverse experiences influence mental and physical health.
早年经历的逆境会对身心健康产生有害影响。这些影响发生的途径之一是通过下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴，这是一个关键的生理应激调节系统。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了指导应激反应和调节研究的理论观点，轴的解剖结构和生理学，轴及其调节的发育变化，调节应激的大脑系统，基因和表观遗传变异在轴发育中的作用，应激系统校准的敏感时期，应激的社会调节（即社会缓冲），以及应激生理学和发展研究中的新兴研究领域。了解应激反应和调节的发展对于揭示早期不良经历如何影响身心健康至关重要。
