Judt Christine, Korányi Dávid, Zaller Johann G, Batáry Péter
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
"Lendület" Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Dec 10;903:166139. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166139. Epub 2023 Aug 10.
In recent decades, agricultural intensification has led to a loss of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services such as natural pest control. Conservation biological control addresses this problem by generally extensifying farming and/or providing alternative habitats and food sources for natural enemies of pest species. However, farmers implement conservation biological control sparingly, in part because of the confusing variety of measures with inconsistent effects. To shed some light on the effectiveness of conservation biological control measures in apple production, we conducted four meta-analyses to identify patterns of local measures on (i) insect pest abundance, (ii) natural enemy abundance, (iii) biological control, and (iv) fruit quality. Across the 54 studies, we found an overall significant, positive effect of local interventions on natural enemy abundance. Among our established intervention categories (flowers, ground cover, extensification), ground covers promoted natural enemies the most and tended to reduce pest insects. Likewise, providing flowers promoted natural enemies without affecting fruit quality. In contrast, extensification of orchard management alone, such as reducing agrochemical use and/or less disturbance, had no significant effect on the abundance of natural enemies, but showed a tendency to increase populations of pest insects and reduce fruit quality. Our results demonstrate that more floral resources and ground covers in apple orchards can reduce pesticide use while maintaining fruit quality.
近几十年来，农业集约化导致了生物多样性丧失以及诸如自然虫害控制等相关生态系统服务功能的丧失。保护性生物防治通过总体上扩大种植面积和/或为害虫天敌提供替代栖息地及食物来源来解决这一问题。然而，农民对保护性生物防治的实施较为谨慎，部分原因是措施种类繁多且效果不一，令人困惑。为了阐明保护性生物防治措施在苹果生产中的有效性，我们进行了四项荟萃分析，以确定当地措施在以下方面的模式：（i）害虫数量，（ii）天敌数量，（iii）生物防治，以及（iv）果实品质。在54项研究中，我们发现当地干预措施对天敌数量总体上有显著的积极影响。在我们确定的干预类别（花卉、地被植物、扩大种植面积）中，地被植物对天敌的促进作用最大，且往往能减少害虫数量。同样，提供花卉能促进天敌数量增加，同时不影响果实品质。相比之下，仅果园管理的扩大化，如减少农用化学品使用和/或减少干扰，对天敌数量没有显著影响，但有增加害虫数量和降低果实品质的趋势。我们的研究结果表明，苹果园中增加花卉资源和地被植物可以在保持果实品质的同时减少农药使用。
