Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jul 30;24(15):12195. doi: 10.3390/ijms241512195.
Phytoestrogens (PEs) are estrogen-like nonsteroidal compounds derived from plants (e.g., nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables) and fungi that are structurally similar to 17β-estradiol. PEs bind to all types of estrogen receptors, including ERα and ERβ receptors, nuclear receptors, and a membrane-bound estrogen receptor known as the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). As endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with pro- or antiestrogenic properties, PEs can potentially disrupt the hormonal regulation of homeostasis, resulting in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. However, a lack of PEs in the diet does not result in the development of deficiency symptoms. To properly assess the benefits and risks associated with the use of a PE-rich diet, it is necessary to distinguish between endocrine disruption (endocrine-mediated adverse effects) and nonspecific effects on the endocrine system. Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease of unknown etiopathogenesis, in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside of the uterus with subsequent complications being manifested as a result of local inflammatory reactions. Endometriosis affects 10-15% of women of reproductive age and is associated with chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility. In this review, the endocrine-disruptive actions of PEs are reviewed in the context of endometriosis to determine whether a PE-rich diet has a positive or negative effect on the risk and course of endometriosis.
植物雌激素（PEs）是一类来源于植物（如坚果、种子、水果和蔬菜）和真菌的类雌激素非甾体化合物，其结构与 17β-雌二醇相似。PEs 可与所有类型的雌激素受体（包括 ERα 和 ERβ 受体、核受体和一种称为 G 蛋白偶联雌激素受体（GPER）的膜结合雌激素受体）结合。作为具有促雌激素或抗雌激素特性的内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs），PEs 可能会破坏体内平衡的激素调节，导致发育和生殖异常。然而，饮食中缺乏 PEs 并不会导致出现缺乏症状。为了正确评估富含 PEs 的饮食相关的益处和风险，有必要区分内分泌干扰（由内分泌介导的不良影响）和对内分泌系统的非特异性影响。子宫内膜异位症是一种病因不明的雌激素依赖性疾病，其组织类似于子宫的内膜（子宫内膜）在子宫外生长，随后的并发症是由于局部炎症反应而表现出来的。子宫内膜异位症影响 10-15%的育龄妇女，与慢性盆腔疼痛、痛经、性交困难和不孕有关。在这篇综述中，我们将在子宫内膜异位症的背景下审查 PEs 的内分泌干扰作用，以确定富含 PEs 的饮食对子宫内膜异位症的风险和病程是否有积极或消极的影响。
