Teaching Conservative Kidney Management and Other Palliative Care Skills in Nephrology Fellowships.

Offering and providing effective conservative kidney management (CKM) for patients with end-stage kidney disease who do not want dialysis is a foundational skill that all nephrology fellows should learn during fellowship training. However, the current educational landscape in fellowship training programs is sparse and is not recognized currently as a skill within the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) guidelines. Moreover, there is no standardized curriculum, methods of assessment of this learning objective, and no structure for implementation within general and subspecialty nephrology training programs. In this article, we discuss the current educational resources available for fellowship training programs, including interactive communication skills workshops such as NephroTalk, that address core concepts of CKM and assess communication skills and attitudes of trainees. Additional assessment tools should be prioritized when developing a CKM curriculum, including assessment of symptom management and medical knowledge acquisition. We propose that the ACGME nephrology milestones specifically highlight CKM as an important component within the ACGME nephrology milestones, thus ensuring that trainees understand how and when to offer CKM (knowledge), implement it effectively (skills), and conceptualize it as an appropriate course for patients in a number of varied situations (attitudes). We also outline a subspecialty pathway for palliative nephrology, to align with the recent American Society of Nephrology Task Force Recommendation to provide subspecialty training beyond core competencies, for those interested in pursuit of advanced training that ultimately can shape the CKM landscape in education and policy making.