School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
Mol Pharm. 2023 Sep 4;20(9):4430-4442. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00520. Epub 2023 Aug 14.
Australasia is home to unique and endangered avian species. Drug administration to this group of animal patients for prophylaxis and treatment is challenging from a number of different perspectives. A key limitation for optimal drug dosing in birds is the lack of published pharmacokinetic studies to guide dose requirements. The aim of this review was to systematically investigate published literature on pharmacokinetics in penguin species and compare that with the pharmacokinetics of other avian species with a focus on two drugs: enrofloxacin and voriconazole. The review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. A systematic literature search was performed in Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A key finding is that penguin pharmacokinetics differs from other avian species, with weight-adjusted AUC and values higher than most other avian species (e.g., for enrofloxacin, the AUC in the African penguin is 85.7 μg h/mL, which is more than double the other bird species). Doses for some avian species may be successfully extrapolated from other avian species; however, it appears important to consider factors other than just body weight (e.g., clearance mechanism and drug physicochemical characteristics). Consequently, there is an important need for robust pharmacokinetic data in wildlife species to ensure optimal therapy for this special group of patients. As part of this review, we identify key aspects that should be considered when estimating dose in species for which there is limited pharmacokinetic information available.
澳大拉西亚地区是独特而濒危的鸟类物种的家园。从多个不同的角度来看，为这群动物患者进行预防和治疗的药物管理具有挑战性。在鸟类中进行最佳药物剂量的一个关键限制是缺乏已发表的药代动力学研究来指导剂量要求。本综述的目的是系统地调查已发表的关于企鹅物种药代动力学的文献，并将其与其他鸟类物种的药代动力学进行比较，重点关注两种药物：恩诺沙星和伏立康唑。该综述是按照 PRISMA 指南进行的。在 Pubmed、Embase、Scopus 和 Web of Science 数据库中进行了系统的文献检索。一个关键发现是，企鹅的药代动力学与其他鸟类物种不同，体重调整后的 AUC 和 值高于大多数其他鸟类物种（例如，在非洲企鹅中，恩诺沙星的 AUC 为 85.7μg h/mL，是其他鸟类物种的两倍多）。一些鸟类物种的剂量可以从其他鸟类物种成功推断出来；然而，除了体重之外，考虑其他因素似乎很重要（例如，清除机制和药物理化特性）。因此，非常需要在野生动物物种中获得强大的药代动力学数据，以确保为这群特殊患者提供最佳治疗。作为本综述的一部分，我们确定了在药代动力学信息有限的情况下估计剂量时应考虑的关键方面。
