Soh Hui Yun, Tan Prisca Xin Yi, Ng Tao Tao Magdeline, Chng Hui Ting, Xie Shangzhe
Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore.
National University of Singapore Libraries, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119275, Singapore.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 May 31;11(6):741. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11060741.
In avian medicine, the use of antibiotic dosing regimens based on species-specific pharmacological studies is ideal. However, due to a lack of such studies, dose extrapolation, which may cause inefficacy and toxicity, is common practice. Multiple searches were performed using the PubMed and Web of Science databases to extract relevant pharmacological studies performed in exotic avian species. The pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety data of the selected antibiotics (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, and amoxicillin/clavulanate) from these studies were reviewed. This review aimed to identify trends amenable for safe inter-species dose extrapolation and provide updated findings on dosing regimens that are safe and efficacious for various exotic avian species. We observed that the half-life of antibiotics appears to be shorter in the common ostrich and that amikacin may be amenable to inter-species dose extrapolation as it is safe and shows little inter-species PK and PD variation. Species-specific enrofloxacin dosing regimens that were not listed in the Exotic Animal Formulary (5th ed.) were found for Caribbean flamingos, African penguins, southern crested caracaras, common ostriches, and greater rheas. Specific dosing regimens recommended for psittacine birds (doxycycline 130 mg/kg medicated water) and ratites (PO doxycycline 2-3.5 mg/kg q12 h, PO enrofloxacin 1.5-2.5 mg/kg q12 h and IM enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg q12 h) in the formulary may not be effective in budgerigars and common ostriches, respectively. Apart from the lack of species-specific pharmacological studies, a lack of multiple dose studies was also noted.
在鸟类医学中，基于特定物种药理学研究的抗生素给药方案是理想的。然而，由于缺乏此类研究，进行剂量外推（这可能导致无效和毒性）是常见的做法。我们使用PubMed和Web of Science数据库进行了多次检索，以提取在外来鸟类物种中进行的相关药理学研究。对这些研究中所选抗生素（恩诺沙星、马波沙星、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、头孢噻呋、强力霉素和阿莫西林/克拉维酸）的药代动力学（PK）、药效动力学（PD）和安全性数据进行了综述。本综述旨在确定适合安全跨物种剂量外推的趋势，并提供关于对各种外来鸟类物种安全有效的给药方案的最新研究结果。我们观察到，普通鸵鸟体内抗生素的半衰期似乎较短，而且阿米卡星可能适合进行跨物种剂量外推，因为它安全，并且种间PK和PD变化较小。我们发现了《外来动物处方集》（第5版）中未列出的针对加勒比火烈鸟、非洲企鹅、南方凤头卡拉鹰、普通鸵鸟和大美洲鸵的特定物种恩诺沙星给药方案。处方集中推荐给鹦鹉类鸟类（强力霉素130mg/kg加药饮水）和鸵鸟类（口服强力霉素2 - 3.5mg/kg，每12小时一次；口服恩诺沙星1.5 - 2.5mg/kg，每12小时一次；肌肉注射恩诺沙星5mg/kg，每12小时一次）的特定给药方案，可能分别对虎皮鹦鹉和普通鸵鸟无效。除了缺乏特定物种的药理学研究外，还注意到缺乏多剂量研究。
