Quintessence Int. 2023 Nov 28;54(10):852-866. doi: 10.3290/j.qi.b4313291.
This paper is aimed at comprehensively reviewing olfactory and gustatory disorders caused by SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults. An electronic and manual search was done on three databases: MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria included publications written in English, involving humans in the age range of 0 to 99 years that were captured by a controlled vocabulary of thesaurus terms. Olfactory and gustatory disorders rates in COVID-19 ranged from 22% to 71.9% in adults and 16.6% to 25.8% in children. Olfactory and gustatory disorders might appear as the first symptom, and in adults might even be the only symptom (4.8% to 10%). Anosmia is the most common olfactory disorder and hypogeusia is the most common gustatory disorder. In 33% to 89% of cases, olfactory and gustatory disorders resolve spontaneously within a few weeks, coinciding with the resolution of other COVID-19 symptoms, both in adults and children. However, in some patients, olfactory and gustatory disorders persist beyond the resolution of other symptoms. Notably, children generally experience a swifter and more favorable recovery compared to adults. The precise pathogenesis underlying olfactory and gustatory disorders in the context of COVID-19 remains unclear and is likely multifactorial. Presently, no established treatment protocol exists for olfactory and gustatory disorders and current treatments reviewed lack robust evidence and are not readily available for clinical use. Olfactory training represents the only therapy currently recommended by international authorities. Pediatric practitioners and general dental practitioners should be aware of olfactory and gustatory disorders in both pediatric and adult populations, including their biologic mechanisms, treatment options, and recovery rates.
本文旨在全面回顾 SARS-CoV-2 引起的儿童和成人嗅觉和味觉障碍。我们在三个数据库（MEDLINE、Embase 和 Web of Science）中进行了电子和手动搜索。纳入标准包括以英文撰写、涉及 0 至 99 岁人群的出版物，这些出版物通过词汇表术语的受控词汇进行捕获。COVID-19 成人嗅觉和味觉障碍发生率为 22%至 71.9%，儿童为 16.6%至 25.8%。嗅觉和味觉障碍可能是首发症状，甚至在成人中可能是唯一症状（4.8%至 10%）。失嗅是最常见的嗅觉障碍，味觉减退是最常见的味觉障碍。在 33%至 89%的病例中，嗅觉和味觉障碍会在数周内自发缓解，与成人和儿童其他 COVID-19 症状的缓解同时发生。然而，在一些患者中，嗅觉和味觉障碍会持续存在，超出其他症状的缓解期。值得注意的是，与成人相比，儿童通常恢复得更快、更顺利。COVID-19 背景下嗅觉和味觉障碍的确切发病机制尚不清楚，可能是多因素的。目前，嗅觉和味觉障碍尚无既定的治疗方案，目前回顾的治疗方法缺乏稳健的证据，且不易用于临床。嗅觉训练是目前国际权威机构推荐的唯一治疗方法。儿科医生和普通牙科医生应了解儿童和成人人群中的嗅觉和味觉障碍，包括其生物学机制、治疗选择和恢复率。
