Latent Representation-Based Learning Controller for Pneumatic and Hydraulic Dual Actuation of Pressure-Driven Soft Actuators.

The pneumatic and hydraulic dual actuation of pressure-driven soft actuators (PSAs) is promising because of their potential to develop novel practical soft robots and expand the range of soft robot applications. However, the physical characteristics of air and water are largely different, which makes it challenging to quickly adapt to a selected actuation method and achieve method-independent accurate control performance. Herein, we propose a novel LAtent Representation-based Feedforward Neural Network (LAR-FNN) for dual actuation. The LAR-FNN consists of an autoencoder (AE) and a feedforward neural network (FNN). The AE generates a latent representation of a PSA from a 30-s stairstep response. Subsequently, the FNN provides an individual inverse model of the target PSA and calculates feedforward control input by using the latent representation. The experimental results with PSAs demonstrate that the LAR-FNN can meet the requirements of dual actuation control (i.e., accurate control performance regardless of the actuation method with a short adaptation time) with a single neural network. The results suggest that a LAR-FNN can contribute to soft dual-actuation robot development and the field of soft robotics.