Endogenous NbCT/NbO Schottky heterostructures for superior lithium-ion storage.

Schottky heterostructures have significant advantages for exciting charge transfer kinetics at material interfaces. In this work, endogenous NbCT/NbO Schottky heterostructures with a large active surface area were constructed using an in-situ architectural strategy. The semiconductor NbO has a low work function, and during the construction of NbCT/NbO Schottky heterostructures, there was an interfacial electron transfer, which resulted in a built-in electric field. The electrochemical reaction kinetics of NbCT/NbO Schottky heterostructures were enhanced due to the rapid transfer of charge driven by the electric field. The NbCT/NbO Schottky heterostructures have a large active surface area, which contributes to excellent electrolyte diffusion kinetics. Therefore, NbCT/NbO Schottky heterostructures have excellent lithium-ion storage capacity with 575 mAh/g after 200 cycles at 0.10 A/g, and 290 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at 2.00 A/g, without capacity fading. Furthermore, in-situ X-ray diffraction and ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses reveal the mechanisms for structure evolution and lithium-ion storage optimization of NbCT/NbO Schottky heterostructures during the electrochemical reaction. The construction of Schottky heterostructures with excited charge transport kinetics provides a novel idea for optimizing the lithium-ion storage activity of MXenes materials.