Tulleners E P
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986 Aug 15;189(4):463-8.
Metacarpal (22) and metatarsal (11) fractures in 33 dairy cattle were treated by application of short or full limb casts. Twelve fractures involved the distal physis (6 closed, 6 open) and 21 fractures were nonphyseal (17 closed, 4 open). All physeal fractures were noncomminuted and 11/12 were classified as Salter-Harris type II. Eleven (52%) of nonphyseal fractures were comminuted. Closed fractures were reduced and a cast was applied after manual restraint, sedation with xylazine (along with use of ropes), or general anesthesia. Open fractures were best treated with the cow under general anesthesia. These fractures were carefully debrided, lavaged, and reduced, and a cast was applied. Antibiotics and analgesics were given parenterally. All cattle were restricted to a box stall during fracture healing. Fracture healing generally was rapid and uncomplicated. No closed fracture perforated the skin. Fracture healing was characterized radiographically by extensive circumferential periosteal new bone growth, closure of the distal physis, and preservation of articulations adjacent to the fracture site. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 78 months (mean, 32 months). Thirty of 33 (91%) cattle survived for a long period. All cows with closed (23) and 7 of 10 (70%) with open fractures survived. Three cows were euthanatized; 2 developed severe osteomyelitis and one fractured her metatarsus above a short cast. All 30 surviving cattle were considered by their owners not lame on the previously injured limb, with no noticeable angulation, bowing, or shortening. No deleterious effects on milk production were detected.
对33头奶牛的掌骨（22处）和跖骨（11处）骨折采用短肢或全肢石膏进行治疗。12处骨折累及远侧骨骺（6处闭合性、6处开放性），21处骨折为非骨骺性（17处闭合性、4处开放性）。所有骨骺骨折均无粉碎，12例中有11例为Salter-Harris II型。11处（52%）非骨骺骨折为粉碎性。闭合性骨折经手法复位后，在人工保定、用赛拉嗪镇静（同时使用绳索）或全身麻醉后应用石膏。开放性骨折最好在奶牛全身麻醉下治疗。对这些骨折进行仔细清创、冲洗和复位，然后应用石膏。经胃肠外途径给予抗生素和镇痛药。骨折愈合期间，所有奶牛均限制在箱式牛栏内。骨折愈合一般迅速且无并发症。没有闭合性骨折穿透皮肤。骨折愈合在X线片上的特征为广泛的环形骨膜新生骨生长、远侧骨骺闭合以及骨折部位相邻关节的保留。随访时间为6至78个月（平均32个月）。33头奶牛中有30头（91%）长期存活。所有闭合性骨折的奶牛（23头）和10头开放性骨折奶牛中的7头（70%）存活。3头奶牛实施了安乐死；2头发生严重骨髓炎，1头在短石膏上方的跖骨再次骨折。所有30头存活奶牛的主人均认为其先前受伤的肢体不跛行，没有明显的成角、弓形或缩短。未检测到对产奶量的有害影响。
