美国在 COVID-19 期间有儿童的家庭参与补充营养援助计划与食物不足的关联。
The Association of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation and Food Insufficiency among Households with Children in the United States during COVID-19.
机构信息
Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
出版信息
J Nutr. 2023 Oct;153(10):3110-3121. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.020. Epub 2023 Aug 19.
BACKGROUND
As the expansion of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits and pandemic emergency assistance programs ended in late 2021, little is known about subsequent trends in food insufficiency (FI) among households with children.
OBJECTIVES
This research examined the association between SNAP participation and FI among households with children in the United States, particularly non-Hispanic Black (Black) and Hispanic households.
METHODS
This cross-sectional analysis used Household Pulse Survey data collected from December 2021 to May 2022. Spatial analysis was conducted to visualize FI and SNAP participation rates across 50 states. With state SNAP policy rules as exogenous instruments and sociodemographic factors as control variables, 2-stage probit models were utilized to assess the SNAP and FI association among all (n = 135,074), Black (n = 13,940), and Hispanic households with children (n = 17,869).
RESULTS
Approximately 13.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 13.85%, 13.99%] of households experienced FI, and 20.4% (CI: 20.35%, 20.51%) received SNAP benefits. Among Black and Hispanic households, higher rates were observed, with 23.3% (CI: 23.12%, 23.4%) and 20.8% (CI: 20.61%, 20.95%) experiencing FI and 36.3% (CI: 36.1%, 36.5%) and 26.9% (CI: 26.61%, 27.13%) receiving SNAP benefits. These rates varied across states, ranging from 8% (Utah) to 21.1% (Mississippi) for FI and from 8.8% (Utah) to 32.7% (New Mexico) for SNAP participation. SNAP participants demonstrated a 12% lower likelihood of FI than nonparticipants (CI: -0.18, -0.05, P < 0.001). Among Black households, SNAP participants had a 29% lower likelihood of FI than nonparticipants (CI: -0.54, -0.03, P < 0.001). However, SNAP participation was not significant among Hispanic households (P = 0.99), nor did it narrow the FI gap between Hispanic and non-Hispanic households (P = 0.22).
CONCLUSIONS
SNAP participation was associated with lower levels of FI among households with children, particularly for Black households. However, there was no significant association between SNAP participation and FI among Hispanic households with children.
背景
随着补充营养援助计划（SNAP）福利和大流行紧急援助计划于 2021 年底结束，关于儿童家庭食物不足（FI）的后续趋势知之甚少。
目的
本研究调查了美国有儿童家庭中 SNAP 参与度与 FI 之间的关系，特别是非西班牙裔黑人（黑人）和西班牙裔家庭。
方法
本横断面分析使用了 2021 年 12 月至 2022 年 5 月期间收集的家庭脉搏调查数据。通过空间分析，可视化了全美（n = 135074）、黑人（n = 13940）和西班牙裔有儿童家庭（n = 17869）的 FI 和 SNAP 参与率。利用州 SNAP 政策规则作为外生工具和社会人口因素作为控制变量，使用两阶段概率模型评估所有家庭（n = 135074）、黑人（n = 13940）和西班牙裔有儿童家庭（n = 17869）的 SNAP 和 FI 关联。
结果
约 13.9%（95%置信区间[CI]：13.85%，13.99%）的家庭经历了 FI，20.4%（CI：20.35%，20.51%）获得了 SNAP 福利。在黑人家庭和西班牙裔家庭中，观察到更高的比例，分别有 23.3%（CI：23.12%，23.4%）和 20.8%（CI：20.61%，20.95%）经历 FI，以及 36.3%（CI：36.1%，36.5%）和 26.9%（CI：26.61%，27.13%）获得 SNAP 福利。这些比例在各州之间有所差异，FI 从 8%（犹他州）到 21.1%（密西西比州）不等，而 SNAP 参与率从 8.8%（犹他州）到 32.7%（新墨西哥州）不等。SNAP 参与者比非参与者发生 FI 的可能性低 12%（CI：-0.18，-0.05，P < 0.001）。在黑人家庭中，SNAP 参与者发生 FI 的可能性比非参与者低 29%（CI：-0.54，-0.03，P < 0.001）。然而，SNAP 参与在西班牙裔家庭中并不显著（P = 0.99），也没有缩小西班牙裔和非西班牙裔家庭之间的 FI 差距（P = 0.22）。
结论
SNAP 参与与儿童家庭的 FI 水平较低相关，特别是黑人家庭。然而，在有西班牙裔儿童的家庭中，SNAP 参与与 FI 之间没有显著关联。
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