Chamandi Ghada, El-Hajjar Layal, El Kurdi Abdallah, Le Bras Morgane, Nasr Rihab, Lehmann-Che Jacqueline
Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon.
Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer Team, INSERM U976, Immunologie Humaine, Pathophysiologie, Immunothérapie (HIPI), Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France.
Biomedicines. 2023 Aug 18;11(8):2300. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11082300.
Breast cancer (BC), the most prevalent cancer in women, is a heterogenous disease. Despite advancements in BC diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics, survival rates have drastically decreased in the metastatic setting. Therefore, BC still remains a medical challenge. The evolution of high-throughput technology has highlighted gaps in the classification system of BCs. Of particular interest is the notorious triple negative BC, which was recounted as being heterogenous itself and it overlaps with distinct subtypes, namely molecular apocrine (MA) and luminal androgen (LAR) BCs. These subtypes are, even today, still misdiagnosed and poorly treated. As such, researchers and clinicians have been looking for ways through which to refine BC classification in order to properly understand the initiation, development, progression, and the responses to the treatment of BCs. One tool is biomarkers and, specifically, microRNA (miRNA), which are highly reported as associated with BC carcinogenesis. In this review, the diverse roles of miRNA in estrogen receptor negative (ER-) and androgen receptor positive (AR+) BC are depicted. While highlighting their oncogenic and tumor suppressor functions in tumor progression, we will discuss their diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarker potentials, as well as their drug sensitivity/resistance activity. The association of several miRNAs in the KEGG-reported pathways that are related to ER-BC carcinogenesis is presented. The identification and verification of accurate miRNA panels is a cornerstone for tackling BC classification setbacks, as is also the deciphering of the carcinogenesis regulators of ER - AR + BC.
乳腺癌（BC）是女性中最常见的癌症，是一种异质性疾病。尽管在乳腺癌的诊断、预后和治疗方面取得了进展，但在转移情况下生存率仍大幅下降。因此，乳腺癌仍然是一个医学挑战。高通量技术的发展凸显了乳腺癌分类系统中的差距。特别令人感兴趣的是臭名昭著的三阴性乳腺癌，它本身被认为是异质性的，并且与不同的亚型重叠，即分子大汗腺癌（MA）和腔面雄激素受体阳性（LAR）乳腺癌。即使在今天，这些亚型仍被误诊且治疗效果不佳。因此，研究人员和临床医生一直在寻找完善乳腺癌分类的方法，以便正确理解乳腺癌的发生、发展、进展以及对治疗的反应。一种工具是生物标志物，特别是微小RNA（miRNA），大量报道表明其与乳腺癌的致癌作用有关。在这篇综述中，描述了miRNA在雌激素受体阴性（ER-）和雄激素受体阳性（AR+）乳腺癌中的多种作用。在强调它们在肿瘤进展中的致癌和肿瘤抑制功能的同时，我们将讨论它们的诊断、预后和预测生物标志物潜力，以及它们的药物敏感性/耐药活性。还介绍了几种miRNA在KEGG报道的与ER-乳腺癌致癌作用相关的途径中的关联。准确的miRNA组的鉴定和验证是解决乳腺癌分类挫折的基石，也是解读ER-AR+乳腺癌致癌调节因子的基石。
