First Report of Colleters in Araceae: A Case Study in Reveals Diverse Mucilage Glands Associated with the Developing Shoot.

Araceae comprises a diverse group of plants that grow in various habitats, ranging from submerged aquatics to lithophytes. Thus, aroids are likely to show diverse glands acting in several plant-environment interactions, including colleters that protect young shoots. Based on this premise and the lack of studies regarding secretory structures in Araceae, we employed standard light and electron microscopy methods to test the hypothesis that colleters are present in . Our main goals were to identify mucilage glands in by conducting a detailed anatomical study of their structure, ultrastructure, and secretory activity. We found finger-like colleters in the apex of young leaves, spathes, and unexpanded cataphylls as well as secreting zones at the apex of expanded cataphylls, at the margins of non-fused cataphylls, and throughout the keels in two-keeled cataphylls. The colleters develop precociously and senesce shortly afterwards. Ultrastructural data and histochemistry confirmed the production of a polysaccharide-rich secretion that fills the spaces within the developing shoot. As far we know, this is the first time that colleters have been reported for Araceae. The functional roles of the secretion and the position of finger-like colleters concerning the 'precursor tip' of monocotyledons are discussed. Future research correlating secretory activity in colleters of species from different habitats might reveal a great diversity of mucilage glands with ecological and evolutionary significance to the family.