Koch Peter, Kersten Jan Felix, Nienhaus Albert
Competence Center for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
Department for Occupational Medicine, Hazardous Substances and Health Sciences (AGG), German Social Accident Insurance for the Health and Welfare Services (BGW), Hamburg, Germany.
J Occup Med Toxicol. 2023 Aug 29;18(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s12995-023-00387-1.
For many entrants, the initial stages of professional training are a challenge. Demands at work can lead to new physical and psychological stress, as well as new social requirements. These new requirements can influence the health behaviour and the state of health of young employees. In recent years, there have been many studies on health literacy (HL). HL represents resources and potentials that allow individuals to achieve improved control of their health and of factors that influence health. Thus, HL can influence both well-being and health. In the present study, the health of trainees in different branches (health and welfare services, office, sales, technology) is monitored over time ending in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the association between health literacy and health or health behaviour has been examined.
In 2017/18, a baseline survey (T0) was performed on trainees in various sectors (office, sales, teaching, nursing and social welfare, engineering, hairdressers), who had been contacted through vocational colleges in four federal states in north Germany. The trainees were surveyed again in the in the first year after training in 2021 (T3). Demographic data were collected, as well as information on health literacy (HLS-EU-16), health behaviour (physical exercise, nutrition, smoking and alcohol) and state of health (BMI, psychological well-being and subjective state of health). Recognition, satisfaction at work and thoughts of leaving the profession were surveyed with the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ). Statistical analysis was performed with tests for paired samples and multivariate regression analysis in SPSS 26.
129 data sets were evaluated, with a follow-up rate of 10.2%. 85% of the trainees were female. The mean age at follow-up was 25.6 years. 56% were employed in the health service or social welfare. 35% worked in the office, sales or engineering. At T3, 47% of the employees exhibited limited health literacy, 67% low levels of exercise and 30% risky alcohol use. 42% exhibited overweight and 42% poor psychological well-being. An association between health literacy (HL) and psychological well-being was only observed in cross-section (HL inadequate vs. HL adequate OR: 3.2 95% CI: 1.07-9.49, p = 0.037). The odds ratio relative to subjective state of health was also increased, although the association was not statistically significant (HL inadequate vs. HL adequate OR: 2.7 95% CI: 0.72-9.78, p = 0.143). In the sector for health service and social welfare, there was statistically significant deterioration over time in all COPSOQ variables (recognition, satisfaction at work, thoughts of leaving the profession).
For a group of trainees in the first year of work during the covid-19 epidemic, the present findings show that there is a need to prevent risky health behaviour, overweight and poor psychological well-being. Health literacy was shown to be a modifiable parameter, that apparently is associated in cross - but not in longitudinal section with the health of young employees. It would appear to be reasonable to modify developing health literacy in the setting of work and school.
对于许多初入职场者而言，专业培训的初始阶段是一项挑战。工作中的需求可能导致新的身心压力以及新的社交要求。这些新要求会影响年轻员工的健康行为和健康状况。近年来，关于健康素养（HL）的研究颇多。健康素养代表着个人用以更好地掌控自身健康及影响健康因素的资源与潜力。因此，健康素养既能影响幸福感，也能影响健康。在本研究中，对不同行业（健康与福利服务、办公室工作、销售、技术行业）的实习生在截至新冠疫情期间的一段时间内进行了长期健康监测。此外，还研究了健康素养与健康或健康行为之间的关联。
2017/18年，对通过德国北部四个联邦州的职业院校联系到的各行业（办公室工作、销售、教学、护理与社会福利、工程、美发）的实习生进行了基线调查（T0）。2021年培训后的第一年（T3）再次对这些实习生进行了调查。收集了人口统计学数据，以及有关健康素养（HLS-EU-16）、健康行为（体育锻炼、营养、吸烟和饮酒）和健康状况（体重指数、心理健康和主观健康状况）的信息。使用哥本哈根心理社会问卷（COPSOQ）对工作认知、工作满意度和离职想法进行了调查。在SPSS 26中使用配对样本检验和多元回归分析进行了统计分析。
共评估了129个数据集，随访率为10.2%。85%的实习生为女性。随访时的平均年龄为25.6岁。56%受雇于健康服务或社会福利行业。35%从事办公室工作、销售或工程工作。在T3时，47%的员工健康素养有限，67%体育锻炼水平低，30%有危险饮酒行为。42%超重，42%心理健康状况不佳。仅在横断面研究中观察到健康素养（HL）与心理健康之间存在关联（健康素养不足与充足相比，比值比：3.2，95%置信区间：1.07 - 9.49，p = 0.037）。相对于主观健康状况的比值比也有所增加，尽管该关联无统计学意义（健康素养不足与充足相比，比值比：2.7，95%置信区间：0.72 - 9.78，p = 0.143）。在健康服务和社会福利行业，所有COPSOQ变量（工作认知、工作满意度、离职想法）随时间推移均有统计学显著恶化。
对于新冠疫情期间工作第一年的一组实习生，本研究结果表明有必要预防危险的健康行为、超重和心理健康不佳。健康素养被证明是一个可改变的参数，显然在横断面研究中与年轻员工的健康相关，但在纵向研究中并非如此。在工作和学校环境中改善健康素养似乎是合理的。
