Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC.
Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC.
Theranostics. 2023 Aug 21;13(13):4650-4666. doi: 10.7150/thno.85855. eCollection 2023.
Multigene mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC), including KRAS, BRAF, and p53, afford high metastatic ability and resistance to EGFR-targeting therapy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating anti-EGFR-resistant CRC metastasis can improve CRC therapy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IL-8 and the activation of KRAS on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and metastasis of hyperlipidemia-associated CRC harboring mutations of KRAS and p53. The cytokine array analysis determined the up-expression of secreted factors, including IL-8. The clinical relevance of the relationship between IL-8 and angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) was examined in CRC patients from National Cheng Kung University Hospital and TCGA dataset. Expressions of IL-8, ANGPTL4, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in free fatty acids (FFAs)-treated KRAS/p53 mutant CRC cells were determined. The hyperlipidemia-triggered metastatic ability of CRC cells under treatments of antioxidants, statin, and cetuximab or knockdown of IL-8, KRAS, and EGFR was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the effects of antioxidants and depletion of IL-8 and KRAS on the correlation between ROS production and hyperlipidemia-promoted CRC metastasis were also clarified. In this study, we found that free fatty acids promoted KRAS/p53-mutant but not single-mutant or non-mutant CRC cell metastasis. IL-8, the most abundant secreted factor in KRAS/p53-mutant cells, was correlated with the upregulation of NOX4 expression and ROS production under oleic acid (OA)-treated conditions. In addition, the metastasis of KRAS/p53-mutant CRC relies on the ANGPTL4/IL-8/NOX4 axis and the activation of KRAS. The antioxidants and inactivation of KRAS also inhibited OA-induced EMT and metastasis. Although KRAS mediated EGF- and OA-promoted CRC cell invasion, the inhibition of EGFR did not affect OA-induced ANGPTL4/IL-8/NOX4 axis and CRC metastasis. The high-fat diet mice fed with vitamin E and statin or in IL-8-depleted cells significantly inhibited tumor extravasation and metastatic lung growth of CRC. The antioxidants, statins, and targeting IL-8 may provide better outcomes for treating metastatic CRC that harbors multigene mutations and anti-EGFR resistance.
结直肠癌(CRC)中的多种基因突变,包括 KRAS、BRAF 和 p53,赋予了其高转移性和对 EGFR 靶向治疗的抗性。了解调节抗 EGFR 耐药 CRC 转移的分子机制可以改善 CRC 治疗。本研究旨在研究 IL-8 和 KRAS 的激活对携带 KRAS 和 p53 突变的高脂血症相关 CRC 产生的 ROS 产生和转移的影响。细胞因子阵列分析确定了包括 IL-8 在内的分泌因子的上调表达。在国家成功大学医院和 TCGA 数据集的 CRC 患者中,检查了 IL-8 与血管生成素样 4(ANGPTL4)之间的关系的临床相关性。在游离脂肪酸(FFAs)处理的 KRAS/p53 突变型 CRC 细胞中,测定了 IL-8、ANGPTL4、NADPH 氧化酶 4(NOX4)和上皮-间充质转化(EMT)标志物的表达。在抗氧化剂、他汀类药物和西妥昔单抗处理或敲低 IL-8、KRAS 和 EGFR 下,评估高脂血症触发的 CRC 细胞在体外和体内的转移能力。此外,还阐明了抗氧化剂和 IL-8 和 KRAS 耗竭对 ROS 产生与高脂血症促进 CRC 转移之间相关性的影响。 在这项研究中,我们发现游离脂肪酸促进了 KRAS/p53 突变型而不是单突变型或非突变型 CRC 细胞的转移。在油酸(OA)处理条件下,IL-8 是 KRAS/p53 突变型细胞中最丰富的分泌因子,与 NOX4 表达的上调和 ROS 产生相关。此外,KRAS/p53 突变型 CRC 的转移依赖于 ANGPTL4/IL-8/NOX4 轴和 KRAS 的激活。抗氧化剂和 KRAS 的失活也抑制了 OA 诱导的 EMT 和转移。尽管 KRAS 介导了 EGF 和 OA 促进的 CRC 细胞侵袭,但 EGFR 的抑制并不影响 OA 诱导的 ANGPTL4/IL-8/NOX4 轴和 CRC 转移。用维生素 E 和他汀类药物喂养的高脂肪饮食小鼠或在 IL-8 耗尽的细胞中,明显抑制了 CRC 的肿瘤外渗和转移性肺生长。抗氧化剂、他汀类药物和靶向 IL-8 可能为治疗携带多种基因突变和抗 EGFR 耐药的转移性 CRC 提供更好的结果。