Relative hypoxemia at depth during breath-hold diving investigated through arterial blood gas analysis and lung ultrasound.

Pulmonary gas exchange in breath-hold diving (BHD) consists of a progressive increase in arterial partial pressures of oxygen ([Formula: see text]) and carbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) during descent. However, recent findings have demonstrated that [Formula: see text] does not consistently rise in all subjects. This study aimed at verifying and explaining [Formula: see text] derangements during BHD analyzing arterial blood gases and searching for pulmonary alterations with lung ultrasound. After ethical approval, 14 fit breath-hold divers were included. Experiments were performed in warm water (temperature: 31°C). We analyzed arterial blood gases immediately before, at depth, and immediately after a breath-hold dive to 15 m of fresh water (mfw) and 42 mfw. Signs of lung interstitial edema and atelectasis were searched simultaneously with a marinized lung ultrasound. In five subjects (15 mfw) and four subjects (42 mfw), the [Formula: see text] at depth seems to decrease instead of increasing. [Formula: see text] and lactate showed slight variations. At depth, no lung ultrasound alterations were seen except in one subject (hypoxemia and B-lines at 15 mfw; B-lines at the surface). Lung interstitial edema was detected in 3 and 12 subjects after resurfacing from 15 to 42 mfw, respectively. Two subjects developed hypoxemia at depth and a small lung atelectasis (a focal pleural irregularity of triangular shape, surrounded by thickened B-lines) after resurfacing from 42 mfw. Current experiments confirmed that some BH divers can experience hypoxemia at depth. The hypothesized explanation for such a discrepancy is lung atelectasis, which could not be detected in all subjects probably due to limited time available at depth. During breath-hold diving, arterial partial pressure of oxygen ([Formula: see text]) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) are believed to increase progressively during descent, as explained by theory, previous end-tidal alveolar gas measurements, and arterial blood gas analysis in hyperbaric chambers. Recent experiments in real underwater environment found a paradoxical [Formula: see text] drop at depth in some divers. This work confirms that some breath-hold divers can experience hypoxemia at depth. The hypothesized explanation for such a discrepancy is lung atelectasis, as suggested by lung ultrasound findings.