Department of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology, and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Environ Res. 2023 Dec 1;238(Pt 1):116933. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116933. Epub 2023 Aug 29.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) present a significant threat to health, with traditional therapeutics based treatment being hindered by inefficiencies, limited biological effects, and resistance to conventional drug. Addressing these challenges requires advanced approaches for early disease diagnosis and therapy. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine have emerged as promising avenues for personalized CVD diagnosis and treatment through theranostic agents. Nanoparticles serve as nanodevices or nanocarriers, efficiently transporting drugs to injury sites. These nanocarriers offer the potential for precise drug and gene delivery, overcoming issues like bioavailability and solubility. By attaching specific target molecules to nanoparticle surfaces, controlled drug release to targeted areas becomes feasible. In the field of cardiology, nanoplatforms have gained popularity due to their attributes, such as passive or active targeting of cardiac tissues, enhanced sensitivity and specificity, and easy penetration into heart and artery tissues due to their small size. However, concerns persist about the immunogenicity and cytotoxicity of nanomaterials, necessitating careful consideration. Nanoparticles also hold promise for CVD diagnosis and imaging, enabling straightforward diagnostic procedures and real-time tracking during therapy. Nanotechnology has revolutionized cardiovascular imaging, yielding multimodal and multifunctional vehicles that outperform traditional methods. The paper provides an overview of nanomaterial delivery routes, targeting techniques, and recent advances in treating, diagnosing, and engineering tissues for CVDs. It also discusses the future potential of nanomaterials in CVDs, including theranostics, aiming to enhance cardiovascular treatment in clinical practice. Ultimately, refining nanocarriers and delivery methods has the potential to enhance treatment effectiveness, minimize side effects, and improve patients' well-being and outcomes.
心血管疾病 (CVDs) 对健康构成重大威胁，传统治疗方法存在效率低下、生物效应有限以及对传统药物的耐药性等问题。为了应对这些挑战，需要采用先进的方法进行早期疾病诊断和治疗。纳米技术和纳米医学通过治疗诊断试剂为个性化 CVD 诊断和治疗提供了有前途的途径。纳米颗粒可用作纳米器件或纳米载体，将药物高效地输送到损伤部位。这些纳米载体具有精确递药和递基因的潜力，克服了生物利用度和溶解度等问题。通过将特定的靶向分子附着到纳米颗粒表面，可以实现对靶向区域的受控药物释放。在心脏病学领域，由于具有被动或主动靶向心脏组织、提高灵敏度和特异性以及由于其小尺寸而易于穿透心脏和动脉组织等特性，纳米平台已得到广泛应用。然而，纳米材料的免疫原性和细胞毒性问题仍然令人担忧，需要谨慎考虑。纳米颗粒也有望用于 CVD 诊断和成像，能够实现简单的诊断程序和治疗过程中的实时跟踪。纳米技术彻底改变了心血管成像，产生了性能优于传统方法的多模态和多功能载体。本文概述了纳米材料的输送途径、靶向技术以及用于 CVD 治疗、诊断和组织工程的最新进展。还讨论了纳米材料在 CVD 中的未来潜力，包括治疗诊断学，旨在增强临床实践中的心血管治疗效果。最终，改进纳米载体和输送方法有可能提高治疗效果、最小化副作用并改善患者的健康和预后。
