Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.
Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
Nanotheranostics. 2021 Jul 21;5(4):499-514. doi: 10.7150/ntno.62730. eCollection 2021.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. CVD includes a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels such as myocardial infarction, ischemic heart, ischemic injury, injured arteries, thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Amongst these, atherosclerosis is the dominant cause of CVD and is an inflammatory disease of the blood vessel wall. Diagnosis and treatment of CVD remain the main challenge due to the complexity of their pathophysiology. To overcome the limitations of current treatment and diagnostic techniques, theranostic nanomaterials have emerged. The term "theranostic nanomaterials" refers to a multifunctional agent with both therapeutic and diagnostic abilities. Theranostic nanoparticles can provide imaging contrast for a diversity of techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT). In addition, they can treat CVD using photothermal ablation and/or medication by the drugs in nanoparticles. This review discusses the latest advances in theranostic nanomaterials for the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs according to the order of disease development. MRI, CT, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), and fluorescence are the most widely used strategies on theranostics for CVDs detection. Different treatment methods for CVDs based on theranostic nanoparticles have also been discussed. Moreover, current problems of theranostic nanoparticles for CVDs detection and treatment and future research directions are proposed.
心血管疾病（CVD）是全球范围内的主要死亡原因。CVD 包括一组与心脏和血管有关的疾病，如心肌梗死、缺血性心脏病、缺血性损伤、受损动脉、血栓形成和动脉粥样硬化。其中，动脉粥样硬化是 CVD 的主要原因，也是血管壁的一种炎症性疾病。由于其病理生理学的复杂性，CVD 的诊断和治疗仍然是主要挑战。为了克服当前治疗和诊断技术的局限性，治疗诊断纳米材料应运而生。“治疗诊断纳米材料”一词是指具有治疗和诊断双重功能的多功能制剂。治疗诊断纳米粒子可以为多种技术提供成像对比，如磁共振成像（MRI）、正电子发射断层扫描（PET）和计算机断层扫描（CT）。此外，它们可以通过纳米粒子中的药物进行光热消融和/或药物治疗来治疗 CVD。本文根据疾病的发展顺序，讨论了治疗诊断纳米材料在 CVD 诊断和治疗中的最新进展。MRI、CT、近红外光谱（NIR）和荧光是 CVD 治疗诊断中最广泛使用的策略。还讨论了基于治疗诊断纳米粒子的 CVD 不同治疗方法。此外，还提出了治疗诊断纳米粒子用于 CVD 检测和治疗的当前问题和未来研究方向。
