International Education School, Hengxing University, Licang District, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
School of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China.
J Environ Manage. 2023 Nov 1;345:118868. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118868. Epub 2023 Aug 31.
Geopolitical risks and environmental policy have become increasingly important in the European Union (EU), which is committed to tackling climate change and protecting the environment. However, geopolitical risks can undermine its environmental policy objectives. Thus, the study evaluates the relationship between geopolitical risks and environmental policy in nineteen EU countries from 1994 to 2020 through panel bootstrap Granger causality. The results show that geopolitical risks significantly influence environmental policy in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and Romania. On the other hand, the findings reveal that environmental policy causes geopolitical risks only in Latvia, while there is no relationship in the remaining countries. Therefore, policymakers must develop resilience to geopolitical risks, promote renewable energy, strengthen environmental regulations, and address social and economic implications to reduce environmental policy vulnerability to geopolitical risks.
地缘政治风险和环境政策在欧洲联盟（欧盟）中变得越来越重要，欧盟致力于应对气候变化和保护环境。然而，地缘政治风险可能会破坏其环境政策目标。因此，本研究通过面板自举格兰杰因果检验，评估了 1994 年至 2020 年期间欧盟 19 个国家的地缘政治风险与环境政策之间的关系。结果表明，地缘政治风险显著影响了丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、卢森堡和罗马尼亚的环境政策。另一方面，研究结果表明，环境政策仅在拉脱维亚引起地缘政治风险，而在其余国家则没有关系。因此，政策制定者必须制定应对地缘政治风险的弹性计划，推广可再生能源，加强环境法规，并解决社会和经济影响，以降低环境政策对地缘政治风险的脆弱性。
