Carpentieri Marco, Moncel Marie-Hélène, Eramo Giacomo, Arzarello Marta
Dipartimento Studi Umanistici, Università Degli Studi Di Ferrara, C.So Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
UMR 7194 HNHP (MNHN-CNRS-UPVD), Département Homme Et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1 Rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France.
J Paleolit Archaeol. 2023;6(1):27. doi: 10.1007/s41982-023-00154-y. Epub 2023 Sep 5.
The earliest evidence of bifaces in western Europe is dated to the initial phase of the Middle Pleistocene (la Noira, Notarchirico, Moulin Quignon, 700-670 ka), with the findings of Barranc de la Boella (1.0-0.9 Ma) considered to be an earlier local evolution. No transition assemblages are recorded during this time frame, and the "abrupt" appearance of bifaces during this time frame is associated with significant cognitive shifts in human technological behaviours (Acheulean techno-complex). The new investigations conducted at the site of Notarchirico unearthed 30 ka of repeated human occupation (695-670 ka, layers F-I2) during MIS 17, with evidence of bifacial tools in layer G (680 ka) and F along with other heavy-duty implements (LCTs, pebble tools, etc.). Massive production of products realised on local raw materials collected in situ through simple and efficient core technologies characterises a large part of the lithic assemblage with a high ratio of diversified light-duty tools, including modified chert nodules. Despite core and flake assemblages being a recurrent trait of Lower Pleistocene contexts, the increase in retouched implements recorded at the onset of the Middle Pleistocene has been considered a significant technological shift. The technological analysis of the products presented in this work highlights recurrent and systematic technological behaviours of the hominins of Notarchirico-who proved to efficiently overcome the raw materials dimensional constraints-even in the layers without bifaces. This may shed light on the meaning of cultural and behavioural innovation that the Acheulean techno-complex is thought to bring over Europe. It is plausible that given the substantial homogeneity of the lithic strategies within the sequence of Notarchirico, which only the "introduction" of the bifaces in the upper layers seems to interrupt, a supposed behavioural or cultural change in the site might have already occurred in the lowermost portion of the sequence. In this work, we evaluate the degree of change-if any-from a technological perspective by analysing the reduction sequences.
西欧双面器的最早证据可追溯到中更新世初期（拉努瓦、诺塔尔基里科、穆兰基农，70万 - 67万年），巴兰卡 - 德拉博埃拉（100万 - 90万年）的发现被认为是更早的本地进化。在此时间框架内未记录到过渡组合，而在此期间双面器的“突然”出现与人类技术行为（阿舍利技术复合体）的重大认知转变有关。在诺塔尔基里科遗址进行的新调查发现，在海洋同位素阶段17期间（69.5万 - 67万年，F - I2层）有3万年的人类反复居住迹象，在G层（68万年）和F层发现了双面工具以及其他重型工具（大型切割工具、卵石工具等）。通过简单高效的石核技术就地采集当地原材料制作的大量产品，构成了大部分石器组合的特征，其中轻型工具种类繁多，包括经过改良的燧石结核。尽管石核和石片组合是更新世早期环境的常见特征，但中更新世开始时记录的经过修整的工具数量增加被认为是一次重大的技术转变。本研究中对产品的技术分析突出了诺塔尔基里科古人反复且系统的技术行为，他们证明即使在没有双面器的层位中也能有效克服原材料尺寸限制。这可能有助于揭示阿舍利技术复合体被认为给欧洲带来的文化和行为创新的意义。鉴于诺塔尔基里科序列中石器策略的高度同质性，似乎只有上层中双面器的“引入”才打破了这种同质性，那么该遗址可能在序列的最底层就已经发生了假定的行为或文化变化。在这项工作中，我们通过分析石器制作序列从技术角度评估变化程度（如果有变化的话）。
