Two dual-categorization theories of tolerance: Commentary on Simon (2023).

This article provides a constructive critique on the disapproval-respect model of tolerance, which presents a dual-categorization-based explanation of tolerance with two components-disapproval and respect. Additionally, the article discusses the leniency contract theory, another dual-categorization-based theory of tolerance with two components-disagreement and open-mindedness-that has been largely overlooked by the tolerance research community. Both theories argue that tolerance arises from a sense of shared identity; however, they have distinct focuses in their conceptualization and consequences of tolerance. While the disapproval-respect model focuses on respect tolerance and its consequence in intergroup relations, the leniency contract theory focuses on open-minded tolerance, its consequence in minority versus majority influence, and the role of tolerance in enabling gradual and steady change toward a more pluralistic society. The leniency contract theory and disapproval-respect model together offer valuable insights into the ways in which group cohesion and diversity can coexist, even in the face of ideological disagreement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).