School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Dec 15;904:166791. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166791. Epub 2023 Sep 5.
Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is considered as resource and secondary source of metals, and is being recycled for recovery of precious and base metals. But the processes of recycling and the waste generated during e-waste recycling in informal and formal sectors contribute toxic metals in to the environment. This work aimed to compare the environmental and health impacts of informal and formal e-waste recycling facilities at New Delhi and Bhiwadi Industrial area in India, respectively. Here, concentrations of Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, Zn, and Ag, and As in surface dust collected from informal and formal recycling sectors and their associated pollution, human health and ecological risk are presented. Metal concentrations were higher than the background levels in both sectors. Contamination factor (C), contamination degree (C), pollution load index (PLI), geo-accumulation index (I) and enrichment factor (EnF) of metals indicated severe pollution levels in both sectors. However, contamination in informal sector was comparatively higher than the formal sector. Sampling sites in both sectors had very high ecological risk. Storage, dismantling/shredding and recycling techniques were contributors of metals in surface dust in formal sector whereas fumes deposition, re-suspension, and dried by-products during acid bath treatments were additional sources in informal sector. Metal pollution depends on metal(s), e-waste type(s) and recycling sector(s). Total non-carcinogenic health risk due to metals was 6.5E+00 and 6.0E+01 and 6.2E+00 and 5.5E+01 in adult and children in informal and formal sectors, respectively. Total carcinogenic risk was 3.3E-03 and 7.2E-03 in informal and formal sectors, respectively. Ingestion was major pathways of metals followed by dermal and inhalation and children were more prone to risk compared to adults. Formal sectors too cause metal pollution but to lesser degree compared to informal. More effective pollution control measures are required in formal sector to control environmental pollution.
电子废物（e-waste）被认为是金属的资源和二次来源，并正在被回收以回收贵金属和基础金属。但是，非正式和正式部门的电子废物回收过程以及在此过程中产生的废物会将有毒金属释放到环境中。本工作旨在比较印度新德里和比瓦迪工业区的非正式和正式电子废物回收设施的环境和健康影响。在此，介绍了从非正式和正式回收部门收集的表面灰尘中 Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sn、V、Zn 和 Ag 以及 As 的浓度，以及它们相关的污染、人类健康和生态风险。金属浓度均高于两个部门的背景水平。金属的污染因子（C）、污染程度（C）、污染负荷指数（PLI）、地质累积指数（I）和富集因子（EnF）表明两个部门均处于严重污染水平。然而，非正式部门的污染程度比正式部门高。两个部门的采样点都具有极高的生态风险。在正式部门，储存、拆解/粉碎和回收技术是表面灰尘中金属的来源，而在非正式部门，烟雾沉积、再悬浮以及酸浴处理过程中的干燥副产物是额外的来源。金属污染取决于金属、电子废物类型和回收部门。由于金属，非致癌健康总风险在非正式和正式部门分别为 6.5E+00 和 6.0E+01 和 6.2E+00 和 5.5E+01 在成人和儿童中。总致癌风险分别为 3.3E-03 和 7.2E-03 在非正式和正式部门。摄入是金属的主要途径，其次是皮肤和吸入，儿童比成人更容易受到风险的影响。正式部门也会造成金属污染，但程度比非正式部门低。需要在正式部门采取更有效的污染控制措施来控制环境污染。
