College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, China.
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2023 Jun;34(6):1572-1582. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202306.016.
To examine the differences of three improved sowing methods in winter wheat yield and nitrogen efficiency and reveal the characteristics responsible for such differences, we conducted field experiments in the Jinnan area of the western Huang-Huai-Hai wheat region for three consecutive seasons from 2016 to 2019. The three improved sowing methods were wide space sowing (WSS), furrow sowing in moisture soil (FS), and three-dimensional uniform sowing (TDUS), with conventional drilling sowing (CDS) as the control. The results showed that meteorological factors such as accumulated temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation in the growing seasons from 2016 to 2019 showed great intra- and inter-annual variations. Compared with CDS, the improved sowing methods (WSS, FS, and TDUS) enhanced spike number per unit area and increased grain yield in three growing seasons by 18.3%-55.5%, 8.6%-22.2%, and 10.9%-39.5%, respectively. The three methods increased nitrogen uptake efficiency (NE) by 5.8%-57.1%, pre-flowering nitrogen transfer ratio (/) by 3.0%-15.3%, and nitrogen efficiency by 7.9%-35.7%, respectively. We developed a structural equation model (SEM) by integrating meteorological factors and experimental variables. The results showed that the three improved sowing methods could reduce the effects of extreme low temperature on wheat plant population, increase NE and /, and provide sufficient nitrogen supply to the grains of high-spike number wheat population for high yield and high nitrogen efficiency. In summary, our results demonstrated that WSS, FS, and TDUS all improved NE and / in the 2016-2017 season when meteorological conditions were favorable for wheat growth, and enhanced yield components with high SN, leading to high yield and high nitrogen efficiency. In contrast, in both 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 seasons with extremely low temperature and uneven distribution of meteorological conditions, WSS had a higher number of tillers at the jointing stage and enhanced pre-flowering nitrogen uptake and translocation, whereas TDUS had a relatively stable nitrogen uptake rate, leading to a stable grain yield.
为了研究三种冬小麦改进播种方法在产量和氮效率方面的差异，并揭示导致这些差异的特征，我们在 2016 年至 2019 年的三个连续季节，在黄淮海冬麦区的晋南地区进行了田间试验。三种改进的播种方法为宽幅播种（WSS）、湿土条播（FS）和三维匀播（TDUS），以常规条播（CDS）作为对照。结果表明，2016 年至 2019 年生长季的气象因子（如积温、太阳辐射和降水）表现出较大的年际和年内变化。与 CDS 相比，改进的播种方法（WSS、FS 和 TDUS）在三个生长季中分别提高了单位面积穗数，增加了 18.3%-55.5%、8.6%-22.2%和 10.9%-39.5%的籽粒产量。这三种方法分别提高了氮吸收效率（NE）5.8%-57.1%、花前氮转移率（/）3.0%-15.3%和氮效率 7.9%-35.7%。我们通过整合气象因子和实验变量，建立了结构方程模型（SEM）。结果表明，三种改进的播种方法可以降低极端低温对小麦群体的影响，增加 NE 和 /，为高穗数小麦群体的籽粒提供充足的氮素供应，从而实现高产和高氮效率。总之，我们的研究结果表明，在有利于小麦生长的气象条件下，WSS、FS 和 TDUS 均提高了 2016-2017 年生长季的 NE 和 /，增强了具有高 SN 的产量构成因素，从而实现了高产和高氮效率。相比之下，在 2017-2018 年和 2018-2019 年极端低温和气象条件分布不均的两个生长季，WSS 在拔节期具有更多的分蘖，增强了花前氮素的吸收和转运，而 TDUS 具有相对稳定的氮素吸收速率，从而实现了稳定的籽粒产量。
