Department of Psychology, Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions (CASAA), University of New Mexico, USA.
Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA.
Compr Psychiatry. 2023 Nov;127:152420. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152420. Epub 2023 Sep 9.
The 21st century has brought substantial changes to the manners in which people gamble and the types of things on which people gamble. These changes are particularly stark in the United States, where, over the past five years, sports betting has gone from being legal in only one location to being legal throughout the majority of the country, often via mobile applications and online betting websites.
In March of 2022, a sample of the U.S. population (n = 2806, Mage[SD] = 48.9[17.2]; 1365[48.6%] men; response rate = 87.6%) and an oversample of sports-wagering adults in the U.S. (n = 1557, Mage[SD] = 41.7[15.3]; 1043[67%] men; response rate = 78.7%) were recruited via YouGov. Participants completed measures of gambling activities, including various forms of sports betting, as well as measures of problem gambling activities.
In general, people who gamble on sports, when compared to people who do not bet on sports, reported greater frequency of gambling engagement (averaging between monthly and weekly play),a wider variety of gambling activities (with the majority reporting past year engagement in four or more gambling activities), and higher rates of problem gambling. Multinomial logistics regression revealed no distinct associations between any specific form of sports gambling and higher risk, instead demonstrating that breadth and depth of gambling engagement were the best predictors of high-risk gambling behaviors.
In general, sports gambling is broadly associated with greater engagement in both breadth of gambling activities and frequency of gambling play. Additionally, people who gamble on sports seem to be at higher risk of problem gambling than people who do not bet on sports. However, in analyses controlling for breadth and depth of gambling activities, these links are attenuated, suggesting that the risks associated with sports gambling behaviors are related to the greater degree of gambling engagement.
21 世纪，人们赌博的方式和赌博的内容发生了重大变化。这些变化在美国尤为明显，在过去的五年里，体育博彩的合法地点从一个地方扩展到了美国的大部分地区，通常是通过移动应用程序和在线博彩网站。
2022 年 3 月，通过 YouGov 招募了美国人口样本（n=2806，Mage[SD]=48.9[17.2]；1365[48.6%]为男性；回应率=87.6%）和美国体育博彩成年人的超额样本（n=1557，Mage[SD]=41.7[15.3]；1043[67%]为男性；回应率=78.7%）。参与者完成了赌博活动的测量，包括各种形式的体育博彩，以及赌博问题活动的测量。
一般来说，与不参与体育博彩的人相比，参与体育博彩的人报告了更高的赌博频率（平均每月和每周都有参与），更多种类的赌博活动（大多数人报告过去一年参与了四种或更多种赌博活动），以及更高的赌博问题风险。多项逻辑回归显示，任何特定形式的体育博彩都与更高的风险没有明显关联，相反，表明赌博活动的广度和深度是高风险赌博行为的最佳预测指标。
一般来说，体育博彩与更广泛的赌博活动参与度和更频繁的赌博参与度广泛相关。此外，参与体育博彩的人似乎比不参与体育博彩的人更容易出现赌博问题。然而，在控制赌博活动广度和深度的分析中，这些关联减弱了，这表明与体育博彩行为相关的风险与更高程度的赌博参与度有关。
