Copper bioreduction and nanoparticle synthesis by an enrichment culture from a former copper mine.

Microorganisms can facilitate the reduction of Cu , altering its speciation and mobility in environmental systems and producing Cu-based nanoparticles with useful catalytic properties. However, only a few model organisms have been studied in relation to Cu bioreduction and little work has been carried out on microbes from Cu-contaminated environments. This study aimed to enrich for Cu-resistant microbes from a Cu-contaminated soil and explore their potential to facilitate Cu reduction and biomineralisation from solution. We show that an enrichment grown in a Cu-amended medium, dominated by species closely related to Geothrix fermentans, Azospira restricta and Cellulomonas oligotrophica, can reduce Cu with subsequent precipitation of Cu nanoparticles. Characterisation of the nanoparticles with (scanning) transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy supports the presence of both metallic Cu(0) and S-rich Cu(I) nanoparticles. This study provides new insights into the diversity of microorganisms capable of facilitating copper reduction and highlights the potential for the formation of distinct nanoparticle phases resulting from bioreduction or biomineralisation reactions. The implications of these findings for the biogeochemical cycling of copper and the potential biotechnological synthesis of commercially useful copper nanoparticles are discussed.