Recent advances in phyto- and microorganisms-mediated synthesis of copper nanoparticles and their emerging applications in healthcare, environment, agriculture and food industry.

Over the past few decades, the study of novel methods to control the size and morphology of inorganic and organic materials has been the focus of current research. Recently, green synthesis approaches for the synthesis of nanoparticles have garnered significant attention due to their use of eco-friendly and non-toxic substances. These methods are simple, cost-effective, and help in synthesizing thermally and chemically stable nanoparticles. This review article illustrates the detailed study of the utilization of bio-templates, such as parts of plants (e.g., leaves, seeds, etc.), bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, etc. These biological systems act as reducing and stabilizing agents, which help in the formation of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) with controlled morphology and size. Copper metal was selected due to its great utility, high biocompatibility, and lower side effects. Here, the authors have reviewed the mechanism of formation of CuNPs by bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants, in addition to the characterization of CuNPs. Further emphasis has been given on the multifaceted application of green CuNPs in healthcare (antibacterial, anticancer, etc.), sensing, environmental remediation (dye removal and pollutant removal), and agriculture. This review also identifies current challenges and outlines the future scope of CuNPs in various emerging fields.