Faculty of Pharmacy, Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal.
Rev Med Virol. 2023 Nov;33(6):e2480. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2480. Epub 2023 Sep 12.
Despite the success of combined antiretroviral therapy in controlling viral load and reducing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, an estimated 1.5 million new infections occurred worldwide in 2021. These new infections are mainly the result of sexual intercourse and thus involve cells present on the genital mucosa, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (Mø) and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Understanding the mechanisms by which HIV interacts with these cells and how HIV exploits these interactions to establish infection in a new human host is critical to the development of strategies to prevent and control HIV transmission. In this review, we explore how HIV has evolved to manipulate some of the physiological roles of these cells, thereby gaining access to strategic cellular niches that are critical for the spread and pathogenesis of HIV infection. The interaction of HIV with DCs, Mø and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and the role of the intercellular transfer of viral particles through the establishment of the infectious or virological synapses, but also through membrane protrusions such as filopodia and tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs), and cell fusion or cell engulfment processes are presented and discussed.
尽管联合抗逆转录病毒疗法在控制病毒载量和降低人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 传播风险方面取得了成功，但据估计，2021 年全球仍有 150 万人新感染 HIV。这些新感染主要是通过性接触引起的，因此涉及到生殖器黏膜上存在的细胞，如树突状细胞 (DCs)、巨噬细胞 (Mø) 和 CD4+T 淋巴细胞。了解 HIV 与这些细胞相互作用的机制，以及 HIV 如何利用这些相互作用在新的人类宿主中建立感染，对于制定预防和控制 HIV 传播的策略至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了 HIV 是如何进化来操纵这些细胞的一些生理功能的，从而获得了对 HIV 感染传播和发病机制至关重要的战略细胞龛位。HIV 与 DCs、Mø 和 CD4+T 淋巴细胞的相互作用，以及通过建立感染性或病毒突触，通过丝状伪足和管状纳米通道 (TNTs) 等膜突，以及细胞融合或细胞吞噬过程来转移病毒颗粒的细胞间转移的作用，都进行了介绍和讨论。
