Liegertová Michaela, Janoušková Olga
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, Ústí nad Labem, Czechia.
CENAB, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, Ústí nad Labem, Czechia.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023 Aug 28;11:1264852. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1264852. eCollection 2023.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-enclosed structures that facilitate intercellular communication by transferring cargo between cells. Although predominantly studied in mammals, extracellular vesicles are ubiquitous across metazoans, and thus research in non-mammalian models is critical for fully elucidating extracellular vesicles biology. Recent advances demonstrate that extracellular vesicles mediate diverse physiological processes in non-mammalian vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Piscine extracellular vesicles promote fin regeneration in zebrafish and carry heat shock proteins regulated by stress. Frog extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs modulate angiogenesis, while turtle extracellular vesicles coordinate reproductive functions. Venom from snakes contains extracellular vesicles that mirror the whole venom composition and interact with mammalian cells. Invertebrates also possess extracellular vesicles involved in immunity, development, and pathogenesis. Molluscan extracellular vesicles participate in shell formation and host interactions. Arthropod models, including Drosophila, genetically dissect conserved pathways controlling extracellular vesicles biogenesis and signalling. Nematode extracellular vesicles regulate larval development, animal communication, and ageing via conserved extracellular vesicles proteins. Ancient metazoan lineages utilise extracellular vesicles as well, with cnidarian extracellular vesicles regulating immunity and regeneration. Ultimately, expanding extracellular vesicles research beyond typical biomedical models to encompass phylogenetic diversity provides an unparalleled perspective on the conserved versus specialised aspects of metazoan extracellular vesicles roles over ∼500 million years. With a primary focus on the literature from the past 5 years, this review aims to reveal fundamental insights into EV-mediated intercellular communication mechanisms shaping animal physiology.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是脂质包裹的结构，通过在细胞间传递物质来促进细胞间通讯。尽管主要在哺乳动物中进行研究，但细胞外囊泡在后生动物中普遍存在，因此在非哺乳动物模型中的研究对于全面阐明细胞外囊泡生物学至关重要。最近的进展表明，细胞外囊泡在非哺乳动物脊椎动物（包括鱼类、两栖动物和爬行动物）中介导多种生理过程。鱼类细胞外囊泡促进斑马鱼鳍的再生，并携带受应激调节的热休克蛋白。含有微小RNA的青蛙细胞外囊泡调节血管生成，而乌龟细胞外囊泡协调生殖功能。蛇毒中含有反映整个毒液成分并与哺乳动物细胞相互作用的细胞外囊泡。无脊椎动物也拥有参与免疫、发育和发病机制的细胞外囊泡。软体动物的细胞外囊泡参与贝壳形成和宿主相互作用。包括果蝇在内的节肢动物模型，通过遗传学方法剖析控制细胞外囊泡生物发生和信号传导的保守途径。线虫细胞外囊泡通过保守的细胞外囊泡蛋白调节幼虫发育、动物通讯和衰老。古老的后生动物谱系也利用细胞外囊泡，刺胞动物的细胞外囊泡调节免疫和再生。最终，将细胞外囊泡研究从典型的生物医学模型扩展到涵盖系统发育多样性，为后生动物细胞外囊泡在约5亿年中的保守与特殊作用方面提供了无与伦比的视角。本综述主要关注过去5年的文献，旨在揭示对由细胞外囊泡介导的塑造动物生理学的细胞间通讯机制的基本见解。
