Bruno Francesco, Abondio Paolo, Bruno Rossella, Ceraudo Leognano, Paparazzo Ersilia, Citrigno Luigi, Luiselli Donata, Bruni Amalia C, Passarino Giuseppe, Colao Rosanna, Maletta Raffaele, Montesanto Alberto
Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy.
Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
Ageing Res Rev. 2023 Nov;91:102068. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102068. Epub 2023 Sep 12.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most frequent type of dementia in elderly people. Two major forms of the disease exist: sporadic - the causes of which have not yet been fully understood - and familial - inherited within families from generation to generation, with a clear autosomal dominant transmission of mutations in Presenilin 1 (PSEN1), 2 (PSEN2) or Amyloid Precursors Protein (APP) genes. The main hallmark of AD consists of extracellular deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and intracellular deposits of the hyperphosphorylated form of the tau protein. An ever-growing body of research supports the viral infectious hypothesis of sporadic forms of AD. In particular, it has been shown that several herpes viruses (i.e., HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3 or varicella zoster virus, HHV-4 or Epstein Barr virus, HHV-5 or cytomegalovirus, HHV-6A and B, HHV-7), flaviviruses (i.e., Zika virus, Dengue fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus) as well as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV), SARS-CoV2, Ljungan virus (LV), Influenza A virus and Borna disease virus, could increase the risk of AD. Here, we summarized and discussed these results. Based on these findings, significant issues for future studies are also put forward.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是老年人中最常见的痴呆类型。该疾病主要有两种形式：散发性——其病因尚未完全明确——和家族性——在家族中代代相传，早老素1（PSEN1）、早老素2（PSEN2）或淀粉样前体蛋白（APP）基因的突变呈明显的常染色体显性遗传。AD的主要标志是细胞外β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）肽沉积和细胞内tau蛋白的高度磷酸化形式沉积。越来越多的研究支持散发性AD的病毒感染假说。特别是，已经表明几种疱疹病毒（即HHV - 1、HHV - 2、HHV - 3或水痘带状疱疹病毒、HHV - 4或EB病毒、HHV - 5或巨细胞病毒、HHV - 6A和B、HHV - 7）、黄病毒（即寨卡病毒、登革热病毒、日本脑炎病毒）以及人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、肝炎病毒（HAV、HBV、HCV、HDV、HEV）、SARS-CoV2、吕根病毒（LV）、甲型流感病毒和博尔纳病病毒，都可能增加患AD的风险。在此，我们总结并讨论了这些结果。基于这些发现，还提出了未来研究的重要问题。
