Edinburgh Kidney, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.A.B., N.D.).
Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.D.).
Hypertension. 2024 Mar;81(3):476-489. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.17959. Epub 2023 Sep 18.
Salt (sodium chloride) is an essential nutrient required to maintain physiological functions. However, for most people, daily salt intake far exceeds their physiological need and is habitually greater than recommended upper thresholds. Excess salt intake leads to elevation in blood pressure which drives cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Indeed, excessive salt intake is estimated to be responsible for ≈5 million deaths per year globally. For approximately one-third of otherwise healthy individuals (and >50% of those with hypertension), the effect of salt intake on blood pressure elevation is exaggerated; such people are categorized as salt sensitive and salt sensitivity of blood pressure is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death. The prevalence of salt sensitivity is higher in women than in men and, in both, increases with age. This narrative review considers the foundational concepts of salt sensitivity and the underlying effector systems that cause salt sensitivity. We also consider recent updates in preclinical and clinical research that are revealing new modifying factors that determine the blood pressure response to high salt intake.
盐（氯化钠）是维持生理功能所必需的营养素。然而，对于大多数人来说，每日盐摄入量远远超过生理需求，且习惯性地高于建议的上限。过量的盐摄入会导致血压升高，从而导致心血管发病率和死亡率上升。事实上，过量的盐摄入估计每年在全球导致约 500 万人死亡。对于大约三分之一的健康个体（以及超过 50%的高血压患者），盐摄入量对血压升高的影响会被夸大；这些人被归类为盐敏感人群，而血压的盐敏感性被认为是心血管疾病和死亡的独立危险因素。女性的盐敏感性患病率高于男性，而且在两性中，盐敏感性都随年龄增长而增加。本综述考虑了盐敏感性的基本概念和导致盐敏感性的潜在效应系统。我们还考虑了最近在临床前和临床研究中的更新，这些研究揭示了新的调节因素，这些因素决定了对高盐摄入的血压反应。
