Kumar Shashank, Senapati Sabyasachi, Bhattacharya Neetu, Bhattacharya Amit, Maurya Shashank Kumar, Husain Hadiya, Bhatti Jasvinder Singh, Pandey Abhay Kumar
Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
World J Clin Cases. 2023 Sep 6;11(25):5840-5856. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i25.5840.
Insulin, a small protein with 51 amino acids synthesized by pancreatic β-cells, is crucial to sustain glucose homeostasis at biochemical and molecular levels. Numerous metabolic dysfunctions are related to insulin-mediated altered glucose homeostasis. One of the significant pathophysiological conditions linked to the insulin associated disorder is diabetes mellitus (DM) (type 1, type 2, and gestational). Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the major underlying causes of metabolic disorders despite its association with several physiological conditions. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is another pathophysiological condition that is associated with IR, hypertension, and obesity. Further, several other pathophysiological disorders/diseases are associated with the insulin malfunctioning, which include polycystic ovary syndrome, neuronal disorders, and cancer. Insulinomas are an uncommon type of pancreatic β-cell-derived neuroendocrine tumor that makes up 2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. Literature revealed that different biochemical events, molecular signaling pathways, microRNAs, and microbiota act as connecting links between insulin disorder and associated pathophysiology such as DM, insuloma, neurological disorder, MS, and cancer. In this review, we focus on the insulin-related disorders and the underlying mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology.
胰岛素是一种由胰腺β细胞合成的含51个氨基酸的小蛋白质，在生化和分子水平上对维持葡萄糖稳态至关重要。许多代谢功能障碍与胰岛素介导的葡萄糖稳态改变有关。与胰岛素相关疾病相关的重要病理生理状况之一是糖尿病（1型、2型和妊娠期）。胰岛素抵抗（IR）是代谢紊乱的主要潜在原因之一，尽管它与多种生理状况有关。代谢综合征（MS）是另一种与IR、高血压和肥胖相关的病理生理状况。此外，还有其他几种病理生理障碍/疾病与胰岛素功能异常有关，包括多囊卵巢综合征、神经疾病和癌症。胰岛素瘤是一种罕见的胰腺β细胞源性神经内分泌肿瘤，占所有胰腺肿瘤的2%。文献表明，不同的生化事件、分子信号通路、微小RNA和微生物群是胰岛素紊乱与相关病理生理状况（如糖尿病、胰岛素瘤、神经疾病、代谢综合征和癌症）之间的联系纽带。在本综述中，我们重点关注胰岛素相关疾病以及与病理生理学相关的潜在机制。
