Brochhagen Joana, Coll Barroso Michael T, Baumgart Christian, Wasmus Daniel T, Freiwald Jürgen, Hoppe Matthias W
Movement and Training Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
HELIOS Klinikum Wuppertal, University of Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany.
Front Sports Act Living. 2023 Sep 5;5:1218948. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1218948. eCollection 2023.
It is known that maximum oxygen uptake depends on age, sex, endurance capacity, and chronic heart failure. However, due to the required invasive or often applied non-continuous approaches, less is known on underlying central and peripheral factors. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of age, sex, endurance capacity, and chronic heart failure on non-invasively and continuously measured central and peripheral factors of oxygen uptake.
15 male children (11 ± 1 years), 15 male (24 ± 3 years) and 14 female recreationally active adults (23 ± 2 years), 12 male highly trained endurance athletes (24 ± 3 years), and 10 male elders (59 ± 6 years) and 10 chronic heart failure patients (62 ± 7 years) were tested during a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycling ergometer until exhaustion for: blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, cardiac power output, vastus lateralis muscle oxygen saturation, and (calculated) arterio-venous oxygen difference. For the non-invasive and continuous measurement of stroke volume and muscle oxygen saturation, bioreactance analysis and near-infrared spectroscopy were used, respectively. A two-factor repeated measure ANOVA and partial eta-squared effect sizes () were applied for statistical analyses at rest, 80, and 100% of oxygen uptake.
For the age effect, there were statistically significant group differences for all factors ( ≤ .033; ). Concerning sex, there were group differences for all factors ( ≤ .010; ), except diastolic blood pressure and heart rate ( ≥ .698; ). For the effect of endurance capacity, there were no group differences for any of the factors ( ≥ .065; ). Regarding chronic heart failure, there were group differences for the heart rate and arterio-venous oxygen difference ( ≤ .037; ).
Age, sex, endurance capacity, and chronic heart failure affect central and peripheral factors of oxygen uptake measured by non-invasive and continuous technologies. Since most of our findings support pioneer work using invasive or non-continuous measures, the validity of our applied technologies is indirectly confirmed. Our outcomes allow direct comparison between different groups serving as reference data and framework for subsequent studies in sport science and medicine aiming to optimise diagnostics and interventions in athletes and patients.
已知最大摄氧量取决于年龄、性别、耐力和慢性心力衰竭。然而，由于所需的侵入性或经常采用的非连续性方法，关于潜在的中枢和外周因素的了解较少。因此，本研究旨在调查年龄、性别、耐力和慢性心力衰竭对非侵入性和连续性测量的摄氧中枢和外周因素的影响。
15名男性儿童（11±1岁）、15名男性（24±3岁）和14名休闲活动的成年女性（23±2岁）、12名男性高水平耐力运动员（24±3岁）、10名男性老年人（59±6岁）和10名慢性心力衰竭患者（62±7岁）在自行车测力计上进行心肺运动测试，直至力竭，测试项目包括：血压、心率、每搏输出量、心输出量、心脏功率输出、股外侧肌血氧饱和度和（计算得出的）动静脉血氧差。分别使用生物电阻抗分析和近红外光谱对每搏输出量和肌肉血氧饱和度进行非侵入性和连续性测量。在静息、摄氧量的80%和100%时，应用双因素重复测量方差分析和偏 eta 平方效应量（）进行统计分析。
对于年龄效应，所有因素在组间均存在统计学显著差异（≤.033；）。关于性别，除舒张压和心率外（≥.698；），所有因素在组间均存在差异（≤.010；）。对于耐力的影响，任何因素在组间均无差异（≥.065；）。关于慢性心力衰竭，心率和动静脉血氧差在组间存在差异（≤.037；）。
年龄、性别、耐力和慢性心力衰竭会影响通过非侵入性和连续性技术测量的摄氧中枢和外周因素。由于我们的大多数研究结果支持使用侵入性或非连续性测量的开创性工作，因此间接证实了我们所应用技术的有效性。我们的研究结果允许在不同组之间进行直接比较，为运动科学和医学领域后续旨在优化运动员和患者诊断及干预措施的研究提供参考数据和框架。
