Hu Huiqian, Krishaa L, Fong Eliza Li Shan
Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
APL Bioeng. 2023 Sep 19;7(3):031504. doi: 10.1063/5.0138732. eCollection 2023 Sep.
Cell manipulation techniques such as those based on three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and microfluidic systems have recently been developed to reconstruct complex 3D tissue structures . Compared to these technologies, magnetic force-based cell manipulation is a simpler, scaffold- and label-free method that minimally affects cell viability and can rapidly manipulate cells into 3D tissue constructs. As such, there is increasing interest in leveraging this technology for cell assembly in tissue engineering. Cell manipulation using magnetic forces primarily involves two key approaches. The first method, positive magnetophoresis, uses magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) which are either attached to the cell surface or integrated within the cell. These MNPs enable the deliberate positioning of cells into designated configurations when an external magnetic field is applied. The second method, known as negative magnetophoresis, manipulates diamagnetic entities, such as cells, in a paramagnetic environment using an external magnetic field. Unlike the first method, this technique does not require the use of MNPs for cell manipulation. Instead, it leverages the magnetic field and the motion of paramagnetic agents like paramagnetic salts (Gadobutrol, MnCl, etc.) to propel cells toward the field minimum, resulting in the assembly of cells into the desired geometrical arrangement. In this Review, we will first describe the major approaches used to assemble cells -3D bioprinting and microfluidics-based platforms-and then discuss the use of magnetic forces for cell manipulation. Finally, we will highlight recent research in which these magnetic force-based approaches have been applied and outline challenges to mature this technology for tissue engineering.
诸如基于三维（3D）生物打印和微流控系统的细胞操控技术近来已得到发展，用于重建复杂的3D组织结构。与这些技术相比，基于磁力的细胞操控是一种更简单、无需支架和标记的方法，对细胞活力的影响最小，并且能够快速将细胞操控成3D组织构建体。因此，利用该技术进行组织工程中的细胞组装越来越受到关注。利用磁力进行细胞操控主要涉及两种关键方法。第一种方法是正磁泳，它使用附着在细胞表面或整合到细胞内的磁性纳米颗粒（MNP）。当施加外部磁场时，这些MNP能够将细胞有意地定位到指定的构型中。第二种方法称为负磁泳，它在顺磁环境中利用外部磁场操控抗磁性实体，如细胞。与第一种方法不同，该技术在细胞操控中不需要使用MNP。相反，它利用磁场和顺磁性试剂（如顺磁性盐（钆布醇、氯化锰等））的运动将细胞推向磁场最小值，从而将细胞组装成所需的几何排列。在本综述中，我们将首先描述用于组装细胞的主要方法——3D生物打印和基于微流控的平台——然后讨论利用磁力进行细胞操控。最后，我们将重点介绍这些基于磁力的方法已得到应用的近期研究，并概述使该技术在组织工程中成熟所面临的挑战。
