Moris Jose M, Cardona Arturo, Hinckley Brendan, Mendez Armando, Blades Alexandra, Paidisetty Vineet K, Chang Christian J, Curtis Ryan, Allen Kylie, Koh Yunsuk
Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States.
Cereb Circ Cogn Behav. 2023 Sep 13;5:100183. doi: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100183. eCollection 2023.
During exercise, cerebral blood flow (CBF) is expected to only increase to a maximal volume up to a moderate intensity aerobic effort, suggesting that CBF is expected to decline past 70 % of a maximal aerobic effort. Increasing CBF during exercise permits an increased cerebral metabolic activity that stimulates neuroplasticity and other key processes of cerebral adaptations that ultimately improve cognitive health. Recent work has focused on utilizing gas-induced exposure to intermittent hypoxia during aerobic exercise to maximize the improvements in cognitive function compared to those seen under normoxic conditions. However, it is postulated that exercising by isolating breathing only to the nasal route may provide a similar effect by stimulating a transient hypercapnic condition that is non-gas dependent. Because nasal breathing prevents hyperventilation during exercise, it promotes an increase in the partial arterial pressure of CO. The rise in systemic CO stimulates hypercapnia and permits the upregulation of hypoxia-related genes. In addition, the rise in systemic CO stimulates cerebral vasodilation, promoting a greater increase in CBF than seen during normoxic conditions. While more research is warranted, nasal breathing might also promote benefits related to improved sleep, greater immunity, and body fat loss. Altogether, this narrative review presents a theoretical framework by which exercise-induced hypercapnia by utilizing nasal breathing during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may promote greater health adaptations and cognitive improvements than utilizing oronasal breathing.
在运动过程中，预计在中等强度有氧运动时，脑血流量（CBF）只会增加到最大量，这表明在超过最大有氧运动量的70%时，脑血流量预计会下降。运动过程中增加脑血流量可使脑代谢活动增强，从而刺激神经可塑性以及脑适应的其他关键过程，最终改善认知健康。最近的研究集中在有氧运动期间利用气体诱导的间歇性低氧暴露，以与常氧条件下相比，最大程度地改善认知功能。然而，据推测，仅通过鼻腔途径进行呼吸锻炼可能会通过刺激非气体依赖性的短暂高碳酸血症而产生类似效果。因为鼻腔呼吸可防止运动期间过度通气，它会促使动脉血中二氧化碳分压升高。全身二氧化碳水平升高会刺激高碳酸血症，并允许缺氧相关基因上调。此外，全身二氧化碳水平升高会刺激脑血管舒张，促使脑血流量比常氧条件下有更大增加。虽然还需要更多研究，但鼻腔呼吸也可能促进与改善睡眠、增强免疫力和减少体脂相关的益处。总之，这篇叙述性综述提出了一个理论框架，通过在中等强度有氧运动期间利用鼻腔呼吸诱导运动性高碳酸血症，可能比使用口鼻呼吸促进更大的健康适应和认知改善。
