Sagel Victor N, Rouwenhorst Kevin H R, Faria Jimmy A
Catalytic Processes & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Post Office Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
Sustainable Process Technology Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Post Office Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
Energy Fuels. 2023 Aug 31;37(18):14383-14392. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c01950. eCollection 2023 Sep 21.
Hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind generation in combination with green ammonia as a seasonal energy storage vector offers an excellent opportunity to decrease the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). In this work, an analysis is performed to find the most cost-effective configuration of power-to-ammonia-to-power (P2A2P). In P2A2P, wind and solar resources are combined with energy storage to design a resilient electricity grid. For daily generation, batteries are utilized for energy storage, whereas ammonia is employed to cope with seasonal fluctuations. The costs of energy storage capacity have a significant influence on the LCOE. Therefore, this work studies the effect of solar/wind hybrid generation systems and energy storage capacity on the LCOE. A base case of the region of De Aar in South Africa was selected because this inland location has excellent wind and solar resources. The optimized battolyzer and Haber-Bosch design capacity led to an overall load factor of 20-30%. At a 30% load factor, a hybrid system with 37% wind-based and 63% solar-based energy generation capacity was the most cost-effective configuration, resulting in a LCOE of 0.15 USD/kWh at a 5% annual discount rate. In an optimistic scenario for PV costs, the LCOE achieved is essentially unaltered (0.14 USD/kWh), while the contribution of wind and PV changes to 25 and 75%, respectively. This analysis indicates that appropriate designing of hybrid energy solutions will play a key role in determining the final energy storage capacities needed to reduce the LCOE. While these costs for LCOE are above those reported for coal-powered electricity in South Africa (e.g., 0.072 USD/kWh for businesses and 0.151 USD/kWh for households), a carbon tax of 50 USD/ton of CO can increase these costs to 0.102 and 0.191 USD/kWh, rendering a more promising outlook for the P2A2P concept.
混合太阳能光伏（PV）和风能发电与绿色氨作为季节性储能载体相结合，为降低平准化电力成本（LCOE）提供了绝佳机会。在这项工作中，进行了一项分析，以找出最具成本效益的电力 - 氨 - 电力（P2A2P）配置。在P2A2P中，风能和太阳能资源与储能相结合，以设计一个有弹性的电网。对于日常发电，使用电池进行储能，而氨则用于应对季节性波动。储能容量成本对LCOE有重大影响。因此，这项工作研究了太阳能/风能混合发电系统和储能容量对LCOE的影响。选择了南非德阿地区的一个基础案例，因为这个内陆地区拥有出色的风能和太阳能资源。优化后的电池电解槽和哈伯 - 博施法设计容量导致整体负载率为20 - 30%。在30%的负载率下，一个风能发电量占37%、太阳能发电量占63%的混合系统是最具成本效益的配置，在5%的年贴现率下，LCOE为0.15美元/千瓦时。在光伏成本的乐观情景下，实现的LCOE基本不变（0.14美元/千瓦时），而风能和光伏的贡献分别变为25%和75%。该分析表明，混合能源解决方案的合理设计将在确定降低LCOE所需的最终储能容量方面发挥关键作用。虽然这些LCOE成本高于南非煤炭发电报告的成本（例如，企业为0.072美元/千瓦时，家庭为0.151美元/千瓦时），但每吨二氧化碳50美元的碳税可将这些成本提高到0.102美元/千瓦时和0.191美元/千瓦时，这使得P2A2P概念的前景更具希望。
