Bianchi Ivana, Burro Roberto
Department of Humanities, University of Macerata, 62100 Macerata, Italy.
Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy.
J Intell. 2023 Aug 24;11(9):172. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence11090172.
After considering the pervasiveness of same/different relationships in Psychology and the experimental evidence of their perceptual foundation in Psychophysics and Infant and Comparative Psychology, this paper develops its main argument. Similarity and diversity do not complete the panorama since opposition constitutes a third relationship which is distinct from the other two. There is evidence of this in the previous literature investigating the perceptual basis of opposition and in the results of the two new studies presented in this paper. In these studies, the participants were asked to indicate to what extent pairs of simple bi-dimensional figures appeared to be similar, different or opposite to each other. A rating task was used in Study 1 and a pair comparison task was used in Study 2. Three main results consistently emerged: Firstly, opposition is distinct from similarity and difference which, conversely, are in a strictly inverse relationship. Secondly, opposition is specifically linked to something which points in an allocentrically opposite direction. Thirdly, alterations to the shape of an object are usually associated with the perception of diversity rather than opposition. The implications of a shift from a dyadic (same/different) to a triadic (similar/different/opposite) paradigm are discussed in the final section.
在考虑了心理学中同/异关系的普遍性以及心理物理学、婴儿心理学和比较心理学中关于其感知基础的实验证据之后，本文展开了主要论证。相似性和差异性并不能涵盖全貌，因为对立构成了第三种与前两者不同的关系。先前关于对立的感知基础的文献以及本文所呈现的两项新研究的结果都证明了这一点。在这些研究中，参与者被要求指出成对的简单二维图形在多大程度上看起来彼此相似、不同或相反。研究1使用了评分任务，研究2使用了成对比较任务。始终出现了三个主要结果：首先，对立不同于相似性和差异性，相反，相似性和差异性处于严格的反比关系。其次，对立特别与指向以他为中心的相反方向的事物相关联。第三，物体形状的改变通常与差异性的感知相关，而不是与对立相关。最后一部分讨论了从二元（同/异）范式转向三元（相似/不同/对立）范式的影响。
