Wu Hao, Yuan Xiping, Gao Jinwei, Xie Min, Tian Xing, Xiong Zhenzhen, Song Rui, Xie Zhonggui, Ou Dongsheng
Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China.
Toxics. 2023 Aug 31;11(9):743. doi: 10.3390/toxics11090743.
Current treatment strategies for parasitic infectious diseases in crucian carp primarily rely on chemotherapy. As a commonly used antiparasitic agent, deltamethrin (DEL) may have the potential adverse effects on external mucosa of fish such as gills. In this study, 180 healthy juvenile crucian carp () (average weight: 8.8 ± 1.0 g) were randomly divided into three groups for 28 days, which were immersed in 0 μg/L, 0.3 μg/L, and 0.6 μg/L of DEL, respectively. The results of histological analysis revealed that severe hyperplasia in the secondary lamellae of gills was observed, and the number of goblet (mucus-secreting) cells increased significantly after DEL immersion. TUNEL staining indicated that the number of apoptotic cells increased in crucian carp gill. At the molecular level, the mRNA expression analysis revealed significant upregulation of apoptosis (caspase 3, caspase 8, and bax), autophagy (atg5 and beclin-1), and immune response (lzm, muc5, il-6, il-8, il-10, tnfα, ifnγ, tgfβ, tlr4, myd88, and nf-kb), whereas tight junction-related genes ( and ) were downregulated after DEL immersion, suggesting that DEL immersion altered innate immunity responses and promoted mucus secretion. Moreover, tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics revealed that a total of 428 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) contained 341 upregulated DEPs and 87 downregulated DEPs with function annotation were identified between the control and DEL groups. Functional analyses revealed that the DEPs were enriched in apoptotic process, phagosome, and lysosome pathways. Additionally, DEL immersion also drove gill microbiota to dysbiosis and an increase in potentially harmful bacteria such as . Overall, this study showed that DEL elicited shifts in the immune response and changes in the surface microbiota of fish. These results provide new perspectives on the conventional anthelmintic concentration of DEL immersion disorder of the gill immune microenvironment in crucian carp and theoretical support for future optimization of their practical application.
鲫鱼寄生性传染病的当前治疗策略主要依赖化疗。溴氰菊酯（DEL）作为一种常用的抗寄生虫剂，可能对鱼类的外部黏膜如鳃产生潜在的不良影响。在本研究中，180尾健康的鲫鱼幼鱼（平均体重：8.8±1.0克）被随机分为三组，分别浸泡在0微克/升、0.3微克/升和0.6微克/升的DEL溶液中，持续28天。组织学分析结果显示，鳃小片出现严重增生，DEL浸泡后杯状（分泌黏液）细胞数量显著增加。TUNEL染色表明鲫鱼鳃中凋亡细胞数量增加。在分子水平上，mRNA表达分析显示凋亡（caspase 3、caspase 8和bax）、自噬（atg5和beclin-1）和免疫反应（lzm、muc5、il-6、il-8、il-10、tnfα、ifnγ、tgfβ、tlr4、myd88和nf-kb）相关基因显著上调，而DEL浸泡后紧密连接相关基因（和）下调，表明DEL浸泡改变了先天免疫反应并促进了黏液分泌。此外，基于串联质谱标签（TMT）的蛋白质组学显示，对照组和DEL组之间共鉴定出428个差异表达蛋白（DEP），其中341个上调DEP和87个下调DEP具有功能注释。功能分析表明，这些DEP富集在凋亡过程、吞噬体和溶酶体途径中。此外，DEL浸泡还导致鳃微生物群失调，潜在有害细菌如数量增加。总体而言，本研究表明DEL引起了鱼类免疫反应的变化和表面微生物群的改变。这些结果为DEL浸泡常规驱虫浓度扰乱鲫鱼鳃免疫微环境提供了新的视角，并为其未来实际应用的优化提供了理论支持。
