Polaczek Krzysztof, Kurańska Maria, Malewska Elżbieta, Czerwicka-Pach Małgorzata, Prociak Aleksander
Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
Materials (Basel). 2023 Sep 9;16(18):6139. doi: 10.3390/ma16186139.
Open-cell spray polyurethane foams are widely used as highly efficient thermal insulation materials with vapor permeability and soundproofing properties. Unfortunately, for the production of commercial foams, mainly non-renewable petrochemical raw materials are used. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of completely replacing petrochemical polyols (the main raw material used in the synthesis of polyurethanes, alongside isocyanates) with bio-polyols obtained from used cooking oils, classified as waste materials. The research consisted of three stages: the synthesis of bio-polyols, the development of polyurethane foam systems under laboratory conditions, and the testing of developed polyurethane spray systems under industrial conditions. The synthesis of the bio-polyols was carried out by using two different methods: a one-step transesterification process using triethanolamine and a two-step process of epoxidation and opening oxirane rings with diethylene glycol. The obtained bio-polyols were analyzed using gel chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The developed polyurethane foam formulations included two types of fire retardants: halogenated tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and halogen-free triethyl phosphate (TEP). In the formulations of polyurethane systems, reactive amine catalysts were employed, which become incorporated into the polymer matrix during foaming, significantly reducing their emission after application. The foams were manufactured on both a laboratory and industrial scale using high-pressure spray machines under conditions recommended by commercial system manufacturers: spray pressure 80-100 bar, component temperature 45-52 °C, and component volumetric ratio 1:1. The open-cell foams had apparent densities 14-21.5 kg/m, thermal conductivity coefficients 35-38 mW/m∙K, closed-cell contents <5%, water vapor diffusion resistance factors (μ) <6, and limiting oxygen indexes 21.3-21.5%. The properties of the obtained foams were comparable to commercial materials. The developed polyurethane spray systems can be used as thermal insulation materials for insulating interior walls, attics, and ceilings.
开孔喷雾聚氨酯泡沫作为具有透气和隔音性能的高效保温材料被广泛应用。不幸的是，在商业泡沫生产中，主要使用的是不可再生的石化原料。本研究的目的是确定能否用从废弃食用油（归类为废料）中获得的生物多元醇完全替代石化多元醇（聚氨酯合成中与异氰酸酯一起使用的主要原料）。该研究包括三个阶段：生物多元醇的合成、实验室条件下聚氨酯泡沫体系的开发以及工业条件下所开发聚氨酯喷雾体系的测试。生物多元醇的合成采用了两种不同方法：使用三乙醇胺的一步酯交换法以及用二甘醇进行环氧化和开环氧乙烷环的两步法。使用凝胶色谱法和核磁共振光谱法对所获得的生物多元醇进行了分析。所开发的聚氨酯泡沫配方包含两种类型的阻燃剂：卤代磷酸三（1 - 氯 - 2 - 丙基）酯（TCPP）和无卤磷酸三乙酯（TEP）。在聚氨酯体系配方中，使用了反应性胺催化剂，其在发泡过程中会结合到聚合物基体中，显著减少施用后的排放。泡沫在实验室和工业规模上使用高压喷雾机，在商业系统制造商推荐的条件下制造：喷雾压力80 - 100巴，组分温度45 - 52°C，组分体积比1:1。开孔泡沫的表观密度为14 - 21.5千克/立方米，导热系数为35 - 38毫瓦/米∙开尔文，闭孔含量<5%，水蒸气扩散阻力因子（μ）<6，极限氧指数为21.3 - 21.5%。所获得泡沫的性能与商业材料相当。所开发的聚氨酯喷雾体系可用作内墙、阁楼和天花板隔热的保温材料。
