LPNC, CNRS, UMR 5105, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, NeuroSpin Center, Institute for Life Sciences Frédéric Joliot, Fundamental Research Division, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université, Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
Sci Rep. 2023 Sep 30;13(1):16439. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36251-9.
A complex pattern of preservation and deterioration in metacognition in aging is found, especially regarding predicting future memory retrieval (i.e., feeling-of-knowing, FOK). While semantic FOK (sFOK) is preserved with age, studies on episodic tasks (eFOK) produce equivocal findings. We present a meta-analysis of 20 studies on eFOK and sFOK, analyzing the difference in metacognitive sensitivity between 922 younger and 966 older adults, taking into account the difference in memory performance. The sFOK studies yielded no overall age effect (8 effects, g = -0.10 [-0.29, 0.10]). However, we found a reliable age-group difference on eFOK (22 effects, g = 0.53 [0.28, 0.78]), which was moderated when considering recognition performance. Moreover, using aggregated data of 134 young and 235 older adults from published and unpublished studies from our lab, we investigated memory performance as an explanation of the eFOK deficit. We show that older adults are less metacognitively sensitive than younger adults for eFOKs which is, at least partly, due to the age-related memory decline. We highlight two non-exclusive explanations: a recollection deficit at play in the first and second order tasks, and a confound between first order performance and the measure used to assess metacognitive sensitivity.
在衰老过程中，元认知的保存和恶化呈现出复杂的模式，特别是在预测未来记忆检索方面（即感觉知道，FOK）。虽然语义 FOK（sFOK）随年龄而保持，但在情节任务（eFOK）上的研究得出了模棱两可的发现。我们对 20 项关于 eFOK 和 sFOK 的研究进行了荟萃分析，分析了 922 名年轻成年人和 966 名年长成年人之间元认知敏感性的差异，同时考虑了记忆表现的差异。sFOK 研究没有产生总体年龄效应（8 个效应，g=-0.10[-0.29,0.10]）。然而，我们在 eFOK 上发现了可靠的年龄组差异（22 个效应，g=0.53[0.28,0.78]），当考虑到识别表现时，这种差异会受到调节。此外，我们使用来自我们实验室已发表和未发表的研究的 134 名年轻成年人和 235 名年长成年人的汇总数据，调查了记忆表现作为解释 eFOK 缺陷的原因。我们表明，年长成年人在 eFOK 方面的元认知敏感性不如年轻成年人，这至少部分归因于与年龄相关的记忆衰退。我们强调了两个非排他性的解释：在第一和第二级任务中起作用的回忆缺陷，以及第一级表现和用于评估元认知敏感性的测量之间的混淆。
