Sansupa Chakriya, Suphaphimol Nattaphon, Nonthijun Paradha, Ronsuek Teewararat, Yimklan Saranphong, Semakul Natthawat, Khrueraya Thapakorn, Suwannarach Nakarin, Purahong Witoon, Disayathanoowat Terd
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Front Microbiol. 2023 Sep 15;14:1220901. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1220901. eCollection 2023.
Diverse microorganisms from the three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota) cause deterioration in mural paintings worldwide; however, few studies have simultaneously targeted these three domains. This study aims to survey the microbiome and its potential for biodeterioration on unpreserved Lan Na mural paintings in Sean Khan temple, Chiang Mai, Thailand. The overview of the archaeal, bacterial, and fungal communities was reported by Illumina sequencing, whereas the potential for deterioration was revealed by culturable techniques and a literature search. The abundant microbes reported in this study were also found in other ancient mural paintings worldwide. , a salt-tolerant archaeon, as well as the eubacterial genus dominated the prokaryotic community. On the other hand, the main fungal group was the genus (). However, a low number of fungi and bacteria were isolated. Most of the isolates showed the ability to survive in the drought conditions of mural paintings but could not perform discoloration activities. The deterioration activity mainly affected calcium compounds, which are the main components of painting substrates. and several bacterial isolates could dissolve calcium compounds, but only species could induce crystal formation. These results suggest that deterioration of painting substrate should be taken into consideration in addition to deterioration of color in mural paintings. For the Lan Na painting in Sean Khan temple, the plaster is the prime target for biodeterioration, and thus we suggest that the preservation effort should focus on this component of the mural painting.
来自生命三域（古菌、细菌和真核生物）的多种微生物导致了世界各地壁画的损坏；然而，很少有研究同时针对这三个域。本研究旨在调查泰国清迈肖恩汗寺未保存的兰纳壁画上的微生物群落及其生物降解潜力。通过Illumina测序报告了古菌、细菌和真菌群落的概况，而通过可培养技术和文献检索揭示了生物降解潜力。本研究中报告的丰富微生物也在世界其他古代壁画中被发现。一种耐盐古菌以及真细菌属在原核生物群落中占主导地位。另一方面，主要的真菌类群是属（）。然而，分离出的真菌和细菌数量较少。大多数分离物显示出在壁画干旱条件下生存的能力，但不能进行变色活动。生物降解活动主要影响绘画基材的主要成分钙化合物。和几种细菌分离物可以溶解钙化合物，但只有种可以诱导晶体形成。这些结果表明，除了壁画颜色的退化外，还应考虑绘画基材的退化。对于肖恩汗寺的兰纳绘画，灰泥是生物降解的主要目标，因此我们建议保护工作应集中在壁画的这一组成部分上。
