Nonthijun Paradha, Mills Natasha, Mills Nantana, Yongsawas Rujipas, Sansupa Chakriya, Suwannarach Nakarin, Jaikang Churdsak, Motanated Kannipa, Chayapakdee Pattarasuda, Jongjitngam Surachai, Noirungsee Nuttapol, Disayathanoowat Terd
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
J Fungi (Basel). 2023 Aug 8;9(8):833. doi: 10.3390/jof9080833.
Environmental factors and climate are the primary factors influencing the microbial colonization and deterioration of cultural heritage in outdoor environments. Hence, it is imperative to investigate seasonal variations in microbial communities and the biodeterioration they cause. This study investigated the surfaces of sandstone sculptures at Wat Umong Suan Phutthatham, Chiang Mai, Thailand, during wet and dry seasons using culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. The fungi isolated from the sandstone sculptures were assessed for biodeterioration attributes including drought tolerance, acid production, calcium crystal formation, and calcium precipitation. The results show that most of the fungal isolates exhibited significant potential for biodeterioration activities. Furthermore, a culture-independent approach was employed to investigate the fungal communities and assess their diversity, interrelationship, and predicted function. The fungal diversity and the communities varied seasonally. The functional prediction indicated that pathotroph-saprotroph fungi comprised the main fungal guild in the dry season, and pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph fungi comprised the dominant guild in the wet season. Remarkably, a network analysis revealed numerous positive correlations among fungal taxa within each season, suggesting a potential synergy that promotes the biodeterioration of sandstone. These findings offer valuable insights into seasonal variations in fungal communities and their impacts on the biodeterioration of sandstone sculptures. This information can be utilized for monitoring, management, and maintenance strategies aimed at preserving this valuable cultural heritage.
环境因素和气候是影响户外环境中文化遗产微生物定殖和劣化的主要因素。因此，研究微生物群落的季节性变化及其引起的生物劣化至关重要。本研究采用依赖培养和不依赖培养的方法，对泰国清迈悟孟寺石塔砂岩雕塑表面在雨季和旱季进行了调查。对从砂岩雕塑中分离出的真菌进行了生物劣化属性评估，包括耐旱性、产酸、钙晶体形成和钙沉淀。结果表明，大多数真菌分离株表现出显著的生物劣化活性潜力。此外，采用不依赖培养的方法研究真菌群落，并评估其多样性、相互关系和预测功能。真菌多样性和群落随季节变化。功能预测表明，致病-腐生真菌在旱季构成主要真菌类群，致病-腐生-共生真菌在雨季构成优势类群。值得注意的是，网络分析揭示了每个季节内真菌分类群之间存在许多正相关，表明存在促进砂岩生物劣化的潜在协同作用。这些发现为真菌群落的季节性变化及其对砂岩雕塑生物劣化的影响提供了有价值的见解。这些信息可用于旨在保护这一珍贵文化遗产的监测、管理和维护策略。
