Successful Management of an Inadvertent Placement of a Nephrostomy Tube Into the Inferior Vena Cava Following Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Case Discussion and Literature Review of a Rare Complication.

In a percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) procedure, the placement of the nephrostomy tube is usually inserted last to monitor and maintain urine drainage, avoid potential urine extravasation, and ensure hemostasis. In this report, we provide a clinical case involving the misplacement of a nephrostomy tube, resulting in direct perforation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) after undergoing one-sided PCNL that was successfully treated conservatively, and investigate the current management censuses from the literature for intravenous misplacement of a nephrostomy tube. In our patient, the tip of the nephrostomy catheter was located in the IVC. It was successfully managed using a one-step catheter withdrawal with the surgical vascular team on standby for any potential encounters with massive uncontrollable bleeding. An enhanced CT angiogram on day 14 post-PCNL revealed a lower polar renal arteriovenous pseudoaneurysm which required our patient to undergo selective angioembolization, resulting in maximal parenchymal preservation. The patient was successfully managed and discharged uneventfully. Thirteen cases that have reported inadvertent misplacements in the PubMed database have been discussed in this review. Our case would be the first documented report where a percutaneous nephrostomy drainage tube pierced through the IVC directly. Our case provides an argument for patients to be managed by tube withdrawal under one-step fluoroscopic guidance. Intensive care measures and ultrasound monitoring for two hours followed by another CT angiogram proved effective successful conservative management in a high-volume urologic practice.