Wageningen Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany.
Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Oct 17;57(41):15608-15616. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02716. Epub 2023 Oct 5.
Procedures for environmental risk assessment for pesticides are under continuous development and subject to debate, especially at higher tier levels. Spatiotemporal dynamics of both pesticide exposure and effects at the landscape scale are largely ignored, which is a major flaw of the current risk assessment system. Furthermore, concrete guidance on risk assessment at landscape scales in the regulatory context is lacking. In this regard, we present an integrated modular simulation model system that includes spatiotemporally explicit simulation of pesticide application, fate, and effects on aquatic organisms. As a case study, the landscape model was applied to the Rummen, a river catchment in Belgium with a high density of pome fruit orchards. The application of a pyrethroid to pome fruit and the corresponding drift deposition on surface water and fate dynamics were simulated. Risk to aquatic organisms was quantified using a toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic model for individual survival at different levels of spatial aggregation, ranging from the catchment scale to individual stream segments. Although the derivation of landscape-scale risk assessment end points from model outputs is straightforward, a dialogue within the community, building on concrete examples as provided by this case study, is urgently needed in order to decide on the appropriate end points and on the definition of representative landscape scenarios for use in risk assessment.
农药环境风险评估程序正在不断发展和讨论之中，特别是在更高的层次上。在景观尺度上，农药暴露和影响的时空动态在很大程度上被忽视了，这是当前风险评估系统的一个主要缺陷。此外，在监管方面缺乏关于景观尺度风险评估的具体指导。在这方面，我们提出了一个集成的模块化模拟模型系统，包括农药施用、归宿和对水生生物影响的时空显式模拟。作为一个案例研究，该景观模型应用于比利时的 Rummen 河流域，该流域有高密度的核果果园。模拟了对核果施用拟除虫菊酯以及相应的地表水上漂移沉积和归宿动态。使用针对个体生存的毒代动力学/毒效动力学模型来量化水生生物的风险，其空间聚集程度从流域尺度到单个溪流段不等。尽管从模型输出中推导出景观尺度风险评估终点是直接的，但需要在社区内进行对话，以具体案例为基础，如本案例研究所示，以便就适当的终点以及用于风险评估的代表性景观场景的定义做出决定。
